HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Full Text Free Full Text (PDF) Free All Versions of this Article: 99/4/1286    most recent 00362.2005v2 00362.2005v1 Submit a response Alert me when this article is cited Alert me when eLetters are posted Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Web of Science (25) Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Effros, R. M. Articles by Shaker, R. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Effros, R. M. Articles by Shaker, R.

Epithelial lining fluid solute concentrations in chronic obstructive lung disease patients and normal subjects

¹Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-University of California-Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California; ²Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and ³Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut

Submitted 29 March 2005 ; accepted in final form 20 May 2005

The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) method represents a new, noninvasive way to detect inflammatory and metabolic markers in the fluid that covers the airways [epithelial lining fluid (ELF)]. However, respiratory droplets represent only a very small and variable fraction of the EBC, most (99.99%) of which is water vapor. Our objective was to show that ELF concentrations could be calculated from EBC values by using any of three dilutional indicators (urea, total cations, and conductivity) in nine normal and nine chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD) subjects. EBC concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, total cations, urea, and conductivity varied over a 10-fold range among individuals, but concentrations of these constituents (except Ca²⁺) remained well correlated (r² = 0.44–0.83, P < 0.001). Dilution (D) of respiratory droplets in water vapor was calculated by dividing plasma concentrations of the dilutional indicators by EBC concentrations. Estimates of D were not significantly different among these indicators, and urea D averaged 10,800 ± 2,100 (SE) in normal and 12,600 ± 3,300 in COPD subjects. Although calculated Na⁺ concentrations in the ELF were less than one-half those in plasma, and concentrations of K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ exceeded those in plasma, total cation concentrations in ELF were not significantly different from those in plasma, indicating that ELF is isotonic in both normal and COPD subjects. EBC amylase concentrations (measured with an ultrasensitive procedure) indicated that saliva represented <10% of the respiratory (ELF) droplets in all but three samples. Dilutional and salivary markers are essential for interpretation of EBC studies.

exhaled breath condensate; osmolality of airway fluid; cations; urea; osmolality

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. R. Esther Jr., G. Boysen, B. M. Olsen, L. B. Collins, A. J. Ghio, J. W. Swenberg, and R. C. Boucher Mass spectrometric analysis of biomarkers and dilution markers in exhaled breath condensate reveals elevated purines in asthma and cystic fibrosis Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): L987 - L993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. J. Tuvim, A. R. Mospan, K. A. Burns, M. Chua, P. J. Mohler, E. Melicoff, R. Adachi, Z. Ammar-Aouchiche, C. W. Davis, and B. F. Dickey Synaptotagmin 2 Couples Mucin Granule Exocytosis to Ca2+ Signaling from Endoplasmic Reticulum J. Biol. Chem., April 10, 2009; 284(15): 9781 - 9787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E Sapey, D Bayley, A Ahmad, P Newbold, N Snell, and R A Stockley Inter-relationships between inflammatory markers in patients with stable COPD with bronchitis: intra-patient and inter-patient variability Thorax, June 1, 2008; 63(6): 493 - 499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Cazzola, W. MacNee, F. J. Martinez, K. F. Rabe, L. G. Franciosi, P. J. Barnes, V. Brusasco, P. S. Burge, P. M. A. Calverley, B. R. Celli, et al. Outcomes for COPD pharmacological trials: from lung function to biomarkers Eur. Respir. J., February 1, 2008; 31(2): 416 - 469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. H. Baker, N. Clark, A. L. Brennan, D. A. Fisher, K. M. Gyi, M. E. Hodson, B. J. Philips, D. L. Baines, and D. M. Wood Hyperglycemia and cystic fibrosis alter respiratory fluid glucose concentrations estimated by breath condensate analysis J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2007; 102(5): 1969 - 1975. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Bergeron, M. K. Tulic, and Q. Hamid Tools used to measure airway remodelling in research Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2007; 29(3): 596 - 604. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Effros Use of exhaled breath condensate in the study of airway inflammation after hypertonic saline solution challenge. Chest, July 1, 2006; 130(1): 303 - 303. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Barnes, B. Chowdhury, S. A. Kharitonov, H. Magnussen, C. P. Page, D. Postma, and M. Saetta Pulmonary Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., July 1, 2006; 174(1): 6 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Mutti, M. Corradi, M. Goldoni, M. V. Vettori, A. Bernard, and P. Apostoli Exhaled Metallic Elements and Serum Pneumoproteins in Asymptomatic Smokers and Patients With COPD or Asthma Chest, May 1, 2006; 129(5): 1288 - 1297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. M. Effros, R. Casaburi, J. Su, M. Dunning, J. Torday, J. Biller, and R. Shaker The Effects of Volatile Salivary Acids and Bases on Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 15, 2006; 173(4): 386 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]