| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
1Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts and 2Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cliniques St Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
Submitted 11 October 2004 ; accepted in final form 17 November 2004
Basic fluid dynamic principles were used to derive a theoretical model of optimum cardiovascular allometry, the relationship between somatic and cardiovascular growth. The validity of the predicted models was then tested against the size of 22 cardiovascular structures measured echocardiographically in 496 normal children aged 1 day to 20 yr, including valves, pulmonary arteries, aorta and aortic branches, pulmonary veins, and left ventricular volume. Body surface area (BSA) was found to be a more important determinant of the size of each of the cardiovascular structures than age, height, or weight alone. The observed vascular and valvar dimensions were in agreement with values predicted from the theoretical models. Vascular and valve diameters related linearly to the square root of BSA, whereas valve and vascular areas related to BSA. The relationship between left ventricular volume and body size fit a complex model predicted by the nonlinear decrease of heart rate with growth. Overall, the relationship between cardiac output and body size is the fundamental driving factor in cardiovascular allometry.
heart size; cardiovascular growth; left ventricular volume
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  T. P. Singh, L. A. Sleeper, S. Lipshultz, A. Cinar, C. Canter, S. A. Webber, D. Bernstein, E. Pahl, J. A. Alvarez, J. D. Wilkinson, et al. Association of Left Ventricular Dilation at Listing for Heart Transplant With Postlisting and Early Posttransplant Mortality in Children With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circ Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 2(6): 591 - 598. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P.V. Zachariah, F. A. Pigula, J. E. Mayer Jr, and D. B. McElhinney Right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit augmentation compared with replacement in young children. Ann. Thorac. Surg., August 1, 2009; 88(2): 574 - 580. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. D. Everitt, N. Pinto, J. A. Hawkins, M. B. Mitchell, P. C. Kouretas, and A. T. Yetman Cardiovascular surgery in children with Marfan syndrome or Loeys-Dietz syndrome. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., June 1, 2009; 137(6): 1327 - 1333. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. G. Neilan, A. D. Pradhan, M. E. King, and A. E. Weyman Derivation of a size-independent variable for scaling of cardiac dimensions in a normal paediatric population Eur J Echocardiogr, January 1, 2009; 10(1): 50 - 55. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Kaski and P. E.F. Daubeney Normalization of echocardiographically derived paediatric cardiac dimensions to body surface area: time for a standardized approach Eur J Echocardiogr, January 1, 2009; 10(1): 44 - 45. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Rhee, D. Solowiejczyk, K. Altmann, A. Prakash, W. M. Gersony, C. Stolar, C. Kleinman, K. Anyane-Yeboa, W. K. Chung, and D. Hsu Incidence of Aortic Root Dilatation in Pectus Excavatum and Its Association With Marfan Syndrome Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, September 1, 2008; 162(9): 882 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A.W. Anderson, L. A. Sleeper, L. Mahony, S. D. Colan, A. M. Atz, R. E. Breitbart, W. M. Gersony, D. Gallagher, T. Geva, R. Margossian, et al. Contemporary Outcomes After the Fontan Procedure: A Pediatric Heart Network Multicenter Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 8, 2008; 52(2): 85 - 98. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. M. Paridon, P. D. Mitchell, S. D. Colan, R. V. Williams, A. Blaufox, J. S. Li, R. Margossian, S. Mital, J. Russell, J. Rhodes, et al. A Cross-Sectional Study of Exercise Performance During the First 2 Decades of Life After the Fontan Operation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 8, 2008; 52(2): 99 - 107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. S. Brooke, J. P. Habashi, D. P. Judge, N. Patel, B. Loeys, and H. C. Dietz III Angiotensin II Blockade and Aortic-Root Dilation in Marfan's Syndrome N. Engl. J. Med., June 26, 2008; 358(26): 2787 - 2795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Lopez, K. L. Arheart, S. D. Colan, N. S. Stein, G. Lopez-Mitnik, A. E. Lin, M. D. Reller, R. Ventura, and M. Silberbach Turner Syndrome Is an Independent Risk Factor for Aortic Dilation in the Young Pediatrics, June 1, 2008; 121(6): e1622 - e1627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Foster, A. S. Mackie, M. Mitsnefes, H. Ali, S. Mamber, and S. D. Colan A Novel Method of Expressing Left Ventricular Mass Relative to Body Size in Children Circulation, May 27, 2008; 117(21): 2769 - 2775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. KrishnankuttyRema, L. P. Dasi, K. Pekkan, K. Sundareswaran, M. Fogel, S. Sharma, K. Kanter, T. Spray, and A. P. Yoganathan Quantitative Analysis of Extracardiac Versus Intraatrial Fontan Anatomic Geometries Ann. Thorac. Surg., March 1, 2008; 85(3): 810 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Moran, D. Crowley, M. G. Pinette, and J. R. Wax Reversible Right Ventricular Dysfunction and Functional Pulmonary Atresia in the Human Fetus J. Ultrasound Med., March 1, 2008; 27(3): 487 - 491. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. W. McCrindle, J. S. Li, L. L. Minich, S. D. Colan, A. M. Atz, M. Takahashi, V. L. Vetter, W. M. Gersony, P. D. Mitchell, J. W. Newburger, et al. Coronary Artery Involvement in Children With Kawasaki Disease: Risk Factors From Analysis of Serial Normalized Measurements Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): 174 - 179. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Colan, S. E. Lipshultz, A. M. Lowe, L. A. Sleeper, J. Messere, G. F. Cox, P. R. Lurie, E. J. Orav, and J. A. Towbin Epidemiology and Cause-Specific Outcome of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Children: Findings From the Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry Circulation, February 13, 2007; 115(6): 773 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. E. F. Daubeney, A. W. Nugent, P. Chondros, J. B. Carlin, S. D. Colan, M. Cheung, A. M. Davis, C.W. Chow, R. G. Weintraub, and on behalf of the National Australian Childhood Car Clinical Features and Outcomes of Childhood Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Results From a National Population-Based Study Circulation, December 12, 2006; 114(24): 2671 - 2678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Towbin, A. M. Lowe, S. D. Colan, L. A. Sleeper, E. J. Orav, S. Clunie, J. Messere, G. F. Cox, P. R. Lurie, D. Hsu, et al. Incidence, causes, and outcomes of dilated cardiomyopathy in children. JAMA, October 18, 2006; 296(15): 1867 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. D. Colan, D. B. McElhinney, E. C. Crawford, J. F. Keane, and J. E. Lock Validation and Re-Evaluation of a Discriminant Model Predicting Anatomic Suitability for Biventricular Repair in Neonates With Aortic Stenosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 2, 2006; 47(9): 1858 - 1865. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Karamlou, D. A. Ashburn, C. A. Caldarone, E. H. Blackstone, R. A. Jonas, M. L. Jacobs, W. G. Williams, R. M. Ungerleider, B. W. McCrindle, and for the Members of the Congenital Heart Surgeons' Matching procedure to morphology improves outcomes in neonates with tricuspid atresia J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2005; 130(6): 1503 - 1510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. E. Lipshultz and T. L. Miller Establishing norms for echocardiographic measurements of cardiovascular structures and function in children J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2005; 99(2): 386 - 388. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
