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1Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG; 2National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W6 8RP; 4Mackay Institute of Communication and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, United Kingdom; and 3Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Submitted 15 July 2002 ; accepted in final form 12 May 2003
To investigate the functional neuroanatomy of voluntary respiratory control, blood O2 level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in six healthy right-handed individuals during voluntary hyperpnea. Functional images of the whole brain were acquired during 30-s periods of spontaneous breathing alternated with 30-s periods of isocapnic hyperpnea [spontaneous vs. voluntary: tidal volume = 0.5 ± 0.01 vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 (SE) liters and breath duration = 4.0 ± 0.4 vs. 3.2 ± 0.4 (SE) s]. For the group, voluntary hyperpnea was associated with significant (P < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) neural activity bilaterally in the primary sensory and motor cortices, supplementary motor area, cerebellum, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidum. Significant increases in activity were also identified in the medulla (corrected for multiple comparisons on the basis of a small volume correction for a priori region of interest) in a superior dorsal position (P = 0.012). Activity within the medulla suggests that the brain stem respiratory centers may have a role in mediating the voluntary control of breathing in humans.
respiratory control; brain stem; cortex; functional magnetic resonance imaging
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