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J Appl Physiol 95: 357-363, 2003. First published March 7, 2003; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01198.2002
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Effect of surface tension of mucosal lining liquid on upper airway mechanics in anesthetized humans

Jason P. Kirkness,1 Peter R. Eastwood ,2,3 Irene Szollosi,2 Peter R. Platt,4 John R. Wheatley,1 Terence C. Amis,1 and David R. Hillman 2,4

1Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, Westmead Hospital and University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2145; Departments of 2Pulmonary Physiology and 4Anaesthesia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, and 3Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia

Submitted 27 December 2002 ; accepted in final form 22 February 2003

Upper airway (UA) patency may be influenced by surface tension ({gamma}) operating within the (UAL). We examined the role of {gamma} of UAL in the maintenance of UA patency in eight isoflurane-anesthetized supine human subjects breathing via a nasal mask connected to a pneumotachograph attached to a pressure delivery system. We evaluated 1) mask pressure at which the UA closed (Pcrit), 2) UA resistance upstream from the site of UA collapse (RUS), and 3) mask pressure at which the UA reopened (Po). A multiple pressure-transducer catheter was used to identify the site of airway closure (velopharyngeal in all subjects). UAL samples (0.2 µl) were collected, and the {gamma} of UAL was determined by using the "pull-off force" technique. Studies were performed before and after the intrapharyngeal instillation of 5 ml of exogenous surfactant (Exosurf, Glaxo Smith Kline). The {gamma} of UAL decreased from 61.9 ± 4.1 (control) to 50.3 ± 5.0 mN/m (surfactant; P < 0.02). Changes in Po, RUS, and Po - Pcrit (change = control - surfactant) were positively correlated with changes in {gamma} (r2 > 0.6; P < 0.02) but not with changes in Pcrit (r2 = 0.4; P > 0.9). In addition, mean peak inspiratory airflow (no flow limitation) significantly increased (P < 0.04) from 0.31 ± 0.06 (control) to 0.36 ± 0.06 l/s (surfactant). These findings suggest that {gamma} of UAL exerts a force on the UA wall that hinders airway opening. Instillation of exogenous surfactant into the UA lowers the {gamma} of UAL, thus increasing UA patency and augmenting reopening of the collapsed airway.

obstructive sleep apnea; general anesthesia


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. P. Kirkness, Ludwig Engel Centre for Respiratory Research, Westmead Hospital and Univ. of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia 2145 (E-mail: jason_kirkness{at}wmi.usyd.edu.au).




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