Muscle contraction during exercise, whether resistive or endurance in nature, has profound affects on muscle protein turnover. For example, a single bout of exercise can stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) in the immediate acute (1-4 h) and subsequent (8 - 72 h) time period. It is well established that feeding during the post-exercise period is required to bring about a positive net protein balance (MPS - muscle protein breakdown; MPB). There is mounting evidence that the timing of ingestion and the protein source during post during recovery independently regulate the protein synthetic response and influence the extent of muscle hypertrophy. Some minor sex-based differences in muscle turnover exist in young men and women; however, with aging there appear to be quite stark sex-based differences in response to both feeding and resistance exercise. The recognition of anabolic signaling pathways and molecules are also enhancing our understanding of the regulation of protein turnover following exercise perturbations. In this review we summarize the current understanding of muscle protein turnover in response to exercise and feeding and highlight potential sex-based dimorphisms. Further we examine the underlying anabolic signaling pathways and molecules that regulate these processes.