Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 69, Issue 2 407-418, Copyright © 1990 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Reflex control of the circulation during exercise: chemoreflexes and mechanoreflexes

L. B. Rowell and D. S. O'Leary
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle 98195.

The overall scheme for control is as follows: central command sets basic patterns of cardiovascular effector activity, which is modulated via muscle chemo- and mechanoreflexes and arterial mechanoreflexes (baroreflexes) as appropriate error signals develop. A key question is whether the primary error corrected is a mismatch between blood flow and metabolism (a flow error that accumulates muscle metabolites that activate group III and IV chemosensitive muscle afferents) or a mismatch between cardiac output (CO) and vascular conductance [a blood pressure (BP) error] that activates the arterial baroreflex and raises BP. Reduction in muscle blood flow to a threshold for the muscle chemoreflex raises muscle metabolite concentration and reflexly raises BP by activating chemosensitive muscle afferents. In isometric exercise, sympathetic nervous activity (SNA) is increased mainly by muscle chemoreflex whereas central command raises heart rate (HR) and CO by vagal withdrawal. Cardiovascular control changes for dynamic exercise with large muscles. At exercise onset, central command increases HR by vagal withdrawal and "resets" the baroreflex to a higher BP. As long as vagal withdrawal can raise HR and CO rapidly so that BP rises quickly to its higher operating point, there is no mismatch between CO and vascular conductance (no BP error) and SNA does not increase. Increased SNA occurs at whatever HR (depending on species) exceeds the range of vagal withdrawal; the additional sympathetically mediated rise in CO needed to raise BP to its new operating point is slower and leads to a BP error. Sympathetic vasoconstriction is needed to complete the rise in BP. The baroreflex is essential for BP elevation at onset of exercise and for BP stabilization during mild exercise (subthreshold for chemoreflex), and it can oppose or magnify the chemoreflex when it is activated at higher work rates. Ultimately, when vascular conductance exceeds cardiac pumping capacity in the most severe exercise both chemoreflex and baroreflex must maintain BP by vasoconstricting active muscle.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				T. Yoon, M. L. Keller, B. S. De-Lap, A. Harkins, R. Lepers, and S. K. Hunter Sex differences in response to cognitive stress during a fatiguing contraction J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2009; 107(5): 1486 - 1496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. C. Michelini and J. E. Stern Exercise-induced neuronal plasticity in central autonomic networks: role in cardiovascular control Exp Physiol, September 1, 2009; 94(9): 947 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Okada, Y.-i. Kamijo, K. Okazaki, S. Masuki, M. Goto, and H. Nose Pressor responses to isometric biting are evoked by somatosensory receptors in periodontal tissue in humans J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2009; 107(2): 531 - 539. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Zhang, J. A. H. R. Claassen, S. Shibata, S. Kilic, K. Martin-Cook, R. Diaz-Arrastia, and B. D. Levine Arterial-cardiac baroreflex function: insights from repeated squat-stand maneuvers Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2009; 297(1): R116 - R123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Buchheit, H. Al Haddad, P. B. Laursen, and S. Ahmaidi Effect of body posture on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in men Exp Physiol, July 1, 2009; 94(7): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Ceroni, L. J. Chaar, R. L. Bombein, and L. C. Michelini Chronic absence of baroreceptor inputs prevents training-induced cardiovascular adjustments in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats Exp Physiol, June 1, 2009; 94(6): 630 - 640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Murai, M. Takamura, M. Maruyama, M. Nakano, T. Ikeda, D. Kobayashi, K.-i. Otowa, H. Ootsuji, M. Okajima, H. Furusho, et al. Altered firing pattern of single-unit muscle sympathetic nerve activity during handgrip exercise in chronic heart failure J. Physiol., June 1, 2009; 587(11): 2613 - 2622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Stickland, C. A. Smith, B. J. Soriano, and J. A. Dempsey Sympathetic restraint of muscle blood flow during hypoxic exercise Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): R1538 - R1546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tsuchimochi, S. G. Hayes, J. L. McCord, and M. P. Kaufman Both central command and exercise pressor reflex activate cardiac sympathetic nerve activity in decerebrate cats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2009; 296(4): H1157 - H1163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Yamamoto, T. Kawada, A. Kamiya, H. Takaki, T. Shishido, K. Sunagawa, and M. Sugimachi Muscle mechanoreflex augments arterial baroreflex-mediated dynamic sympathetic response to carotid sinus pressure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): H1081 - H1089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. McCord, S. G. Hayes, and M. P. Kaufman Acid-sensing ion and epithelial sodium channels do not contribute to the mechanoreceptor component of the exercise pressor reflex Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2008; 295(3): H1017 - H1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, T. Yoon, J. Farinella, E. E. Griffith, and A. V. Ng Time to task failure and muscle activation vary with load type for a submaximal fatiguing contraction with the lower leg J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2008; 105(2): 463 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ichinose, M. Saito, N. Fujii, T. Ogawa, K. Hayashi, N. Kondo, and T. Nishiyasu Modulation of the control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during incremental leg cycling J. Physiol., June 1, 2008; 586(11): 2753 - 2766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Cui, R. Moradkhan, V. Mascarenhas, A. Momen, and L. I. Sinoway Cyclooxygenase inhibition attenuates sympathetic responses to muscle stretch in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2008; 294(6): H2693 - H2700. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Crisafulli, R. Milia, A. Lobina, M. Caddeo, F. Tocco, A. Concu, and F. Melis Haemodynamic effect of metaboreflex activation in men after running above and below the velocity of the anaerobic threshold Exp Physiol, April 1, 2008; 93(4): 447 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Stickland, B. J. Morgan, and J. A. Dempsey Carotid chemoreceptor modulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow during exercise in healthy humans J. Physiol., March 15, 2008; 586(6): 1743 - 1754. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G. Hayes, J. L. McCord, and M. P. Kaufman Role played by P2X and P2Y receptors in evoking the muscle chemoreflex J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2008; 104(2): 538 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Gujic, D. Laude, A. Houssiere, S. Beloka, J.-F. Argacha, D. Adamopoulos, O. Xhaet, J.-L. Elghozi, and P. van de Borne Differential effects of metaboreceptor and chemoreceptor activation on sympathetic and cardiac baroreflex control following exercise in hypoxia in human J. Physiol., November 15, 2007; 585(1): 165 - 174. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Ray and J. R. Carter Central modulation of exercise-induced muscle pain in humans J. Physiol., November 15, 2007; 585(1): 287 - 294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Takahashi, K. Matsukawa, T. Nakamoto, H. Tsuchimochi, A. Sakaguchi, K. Kawaguchi, and K. Onari Control of heart rate variability by cardiac parasympathetic nerve activity during voluntary static exercise in humans with tetraplegia J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1669 - 1677. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Williams and M. Frenneaux Syncope in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: mechanisms and consequences for treatment Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(9): 817 - 822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Iellamo, J. A. Sala-Mercado, M. Ichinose, R. L. Hammond, M. Pallante, T. Ichinose, L. W. Stephenson, and D. S. O'Leary Spontaneous baroreflex control of heart rate during exercise and muscle metaboreflex activation in heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1929 - H1936. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K. Shoemaker, L. Mattar, P. Kerbeci, S. Trotter, P. Arbeille, and R. L. Hughson WISE 2005: stroke volume changes contribute to the pressor response during ischemic handgrip exercise in women J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2007; 103(1): 228 - 233. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Gao, J. D. Li, L. I. Sinoway, and J. Li Effect of muscle interstitial pH on P2X and TRPV1 receptor-mediated pressor response J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2288 - 2293. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Sala-Mercado, M. Ichinose, R. L. Hammond, T. Ichinose, M. Pallante, L. W. Stephenson, D. S. O'Leary, and F. Iellamo Muscle metaboreflex attenuates spontaneous heart rate baroreflex sensitivity during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): H2867 - H2873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Crisafulli, E. Salis, F. Tocco, F. Melis, R. Milia, G. Pittau, M. A. Caria, R. Solinas, L. Meloni, P. Pagliaro, et al. Impaired central hemodynamic response and exaggerated vasoconstriction during muscle metaboreflex activation in heart failure patients Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): H2988 - H2996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Ogoh, J. P. Fisher, P. J. Fadel, and P. B. Raven Increases in central blood volume modulate carotid baroreflex resetting during dynamic exercise in humans J. Physiol., May 15, 2007; 581(1): 405 - 418. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. K. Stickland, J. D. Miller, C. A. Smith, and J. A. Dempsey Carotid Chemoreceptor Modulation of Regional Blood Flow Distribution During Exercise in Health and Chronic Heart Failure Circ. Res., May 11, 2007; 100(9): 1371 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Sala-Mercado, R. L. Hammond, J.-K. Kim, P. J. McDonald, L. W. Stephenson, and D. S. O'Leary Heart failure attenuates muscle metaboreflex control of ventricular contractility during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2007; 292(5): H2159 - H2166. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Padley, N. N. Kumar, Q. Li, T. B.V. Nguyen, P. M. Pilowsky, and A. K. Goodchild Central Command Regulation of Circulatory Function Mediated by Descending Pontine Cholinergic Inputs to Sympathoexcitatory Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Neurons Circ. Res., February 2, 2007; 100(2): 284 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Kindig, S. G. Hayes, and M. P. Kaufman Purinergic 2 receptor blockade prevents the responses of group IV afferents to post-contraction circulatory occlusion J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 301 - 308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. M. Stewart, L. D. Montgomery, J. L. Glover, and M. S. Medow Changes in regional blood volume and blood flow during static handgrip Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2007; 292(1): H215 - H223. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Crisafulli, E. Salis, G. Pittau, L. Lorrai, F. Tocco, F. Melis, P. Pagliaro, and A. Concu Modulation of cardiac contractility by muscle metaboreflex following efforts of different intensities in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2006; 291(6): H3035 - H3042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, J. M. Schletty, K. M. Schlachter, E. E. Griffith, A. J. Polichnowski, and A. V. Ng Active hyperemia and vascular conductance differ between men and women for an isometric fatiguing contraction J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2006; 101(1): 140 - 150. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Ter Woerds, P. C. De Groot, D. H. van Kuppevelt, and M. T. Hopman Passive Leg Movements and Passive Cycling Do Not Alter Arterial Leg Blood Flow in Subjects With Spinal Cord Injury Physical Therapy, May 1, 2006; 86(5): 636 - 645. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Iellamo, M. Di Rienzo, D. Lucini, J. M. Legramante, P. Pizzinelli, P. Castiglioni, F. Pigozzi, M. Pagani, and G. Parati Muscle metaboreflex contribution to cardiovascular regulation during dynamic exercise in microgravity: insights from mission STS-107 of the space shuttle Columbia J. Physiol., May 1, 2006; 572(3): 829 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Vogiatzis, O. Georgiadou, I. Giannopoulou, M. Koskolou, S. Zakynthinos, K. Kostikas, E. Kosmas, H. Wagner, E. Peraki, A. Koutsoukou, et al. Effects of exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia and work rate on diaphragmatic fatigue in highly trained endurance athletes J. Physiol., April 15, 2006; 572(2): 539 - 549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ichinose, M. Saito, N. Kondo, and T. Nishiyasu Time-dependent modulation of arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity during isometric exercise in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1419 - H1426. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Kindig, S. G. Hayes, R. L. Hanna, and M. P. Kaufman P2 antagonist PPADS attenuates responses of thin fiber afferents to static contraction and tendon stretch Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): H1214 - H1219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Mottram, K. S. Maluf, J. L. Stephenson, M. K. Anderson, and R. M. Enoka Prolonged Vibration of the Biceps Brachii Tendon Reduces Time to Failure When Maintaining Arm Position With a Submaximal Load J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2006; 95(2): 1185 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Murai, S. Takata, M. Maruyama, M. Nakano, D. Kobayashi, K.-i. Otowa, M. Takamura, T. Yuasa, S. Sakagami, and S. Kaneko The activity of a single muscle sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve unit is affected by physiological stress in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H853 - H860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Sala-Mercado, R. L. Hammond, J.-K. Kim, N. F. Rossi, L. W. Stephenson, and D. S. O'Leary Muscle metaboreflex control of ventricular contractility during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H751 - H757. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. B Raven, P. J Fadel, and S. Ogoh Arterial baroreflex resetting during exercise: a current perspective Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 37 - 49. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. M Gallagher, P. J Fadel, S. A Smith, M. Stromstad, K. Ide, N. H Secher, and P. B Raven The interaction of central command and the exercise pressor reflex in mediating baroreflex resetting during exercise in humans Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 79 - 87. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A Smith, J. H Mitchell, and M. G Garry The mammalian exercise pressor reflex in health and disease Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 89 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Nishiyasu, T. Maekawa, R. Sone, N. Tan, and N. Kondo Effects of rhythmic muscle compression on cardiovascular responses and muscle oxygenation at rest and during dynamic exercise Exp Physiol, January 1, 2006; 91(1): 103 - 109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. T. P. Krediet, I. G. J. M. de Bruin, K. S. Ganzeboom, M. Linzer, J. J. van Lieshout, and W. Wieling Leg crossing, muscle tensing, squatting, and the crash position are effective against vasovagal reactions solely through increases in cardiac output J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2005; 99(5): 1697 - 1703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. G. Hayes, A. E. Kindig, and M. P. Kaufman Comparison between the effect of static contraction and tendon stretch on the discharge of group III and IV muscle afferents J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2005; 99(5): 1891 - 1896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, A. Critchlow, and R. M. Enoka Muscle endurance is greater for old men compared with strength-matched young men J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2005; 99(3): 890 - 897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S. Maluf and R. M. Enoka Task failure during fatiguing contractions performed by humans J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2005; 99(2): 389 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. I. Sinoway and J. Li A perspective on the muscle reflex: implications for congestive heart failure J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2005; 99(1): 5 - 22. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P. D. Bell and M. J. White Cardiovascular responses to external compression of human calf muscle vary during graded metaboreflex stimulation Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 383 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Hjortskov, J. Skotte, C. Hye-Knudsen, and N. Fallentin Sympathetic outflow enhances the stretch reflex response in the relaxed soleus muscle in humans J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1366 - 1370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ichinose and T. Nishiyasu Muscle metaboreflex modulates the arterial baroreflex dynamic effects on peripheral vascular conductance in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1532 - H1538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Houssiere, B. Najem, A. Ciarka, S. Velez-Roa, R. Naeije, and P. van de Borne Chemoreflex and metaboreflex control during static hypoxic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1724 - H1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. E. Kindig, T. B. Heller, and M. P. Kaufman VR-1 receptor blockade attenuates the pressor response to capsaicin but has no effect on the pressor response to contraction in cats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2005; 288(4): H1867 - H1873. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Polichnowski, E. K. Heyer, and A. V. Ng Effect of active muscle mass during ischemic exercise on peak lower leg vascular conductance J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2005; 98(3): 765 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Mottram, J. M. Jakobi, J. G. Semmler, and R. M. Enoka Motor-Unit Activity Differs With Load Type During a Fatiguing Contraction J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2005; 93(3): 1381 - 1392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-K. Kim, J. A. Sala-Mercado, J. Rodriguez, T. J. Scislo, and D. S. O'Leary Arterial baroreflex alters strength and mechanisms of muscle metaboreflex during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2005; 288(3): H1374 - H1380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. van Dijk, I. G. J. M. de Bruin, J. Gisolf, H. A. C. M. R. de Bruin-Bon, M. Linzer, J. J. van Lieshout, and W. Wieling Hemodynamic effects of leg crossing and skeletal muscle tensing during free standing in patients with vasovagal syncope J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2005; 98(2): 584 - 590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Takahashi, A. Sakaguchi, K. Matsukawa, H. Komine, K. Kawaguchi, and K. Onari Cardiovascular control during voluntary static exercise in humans with tetraplegia J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2004; 97(6): 2077 - 2082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Tokizawa, M. Mizuno, Y. Nakamura, and I. Muraoka Passive triceps surae stretch inhibits vasoconstriction in the nonexercised limb during posthandgrip muscle ischemia J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1681 - 1685. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, A. Critchlow, and R. M. Enoka Influence of aging on sex differences in muscle fatigability J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2004; 97(5): 1723 - 1732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Crisafulli, C. Carta, F. Melis, F. Tocco, F. Frongia, U. M Santoboni, P. Pagliaro, and A. Concu Haemodynamic responses following intermittent supramaximal exercise in athletes Exp Physiol, November 1, 2004; 89(6): 665 - 674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. B. Adamson, J. Suarez, E. Ellis, T. Kanaly, and E. Vanoli Ephedrine increases ventricular arrhythmias in conscious dogs after myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1675 - 1678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Murata, K. Matsukawa, H. Komine, H. Tsuchimochi, and T. Nakamoto Central inhibition of the aortic baroreceptors-heart rate reflex at the onset of spontaneous muscle contraction J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1371 - 1378. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-K. Kim, R. A. Augustyniak, J. A. Sala-Mercado, R. L. Hammond, E. J. Ansorge, N. F. Rossi, and D. S. O'Leary Heart failure alters the strength and mechanisms of arterial baroreflex pressor responses during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2004; 287(4): H1682 - H1688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Delp and D. S. O'Leary Integrative control of the skeletal muscle microcirculation in the maintenance of arterial pressure during exercise J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2004; 97(3): 1112 - 1118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Grossman, F. H. Wilhelm, and M. Spoerle Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiac vagal control, and daily activity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H728 - H734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, A. Critchlow, I.-S. Shin, and R. M. Enoka Men are more fatigable than strength-matched women when performing intermittent submaximal contractions J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2004; 96(6): 2125 - 2132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. S. Journeay, F. D. Reardon, C. R. Martin, and G. P. Kenny Control of cutaneous vascular conductance and sweating during recovery from dynamic exercise in humans J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2004; 96(6): 2207 - 2212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Yamamoto, T. Kawada, A. Kamiya, H. Takaki, T. Miyamoto, M. Sugimachi, and K. Sunagawa Muscle mechanoreflex induces the pressor response by resetting the arterial baroreflex neural arc Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): H1382 - H1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Hanna and M. P. Kaufman Activation of thin-fiber muscle afferents by a P2X agonist in cats J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 1166 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Tokizawa, M. Mizuno, Y. Nakamura, and I. Muraoka Venous occlusion to the lower limb attenuates vasoconstriction in the nonexercised limb during posthandgrip muscle ischemia J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 981 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Cui, R. Zhang, T. E. Wilson, and C. G. Crandall Spectral analysis of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in heat-stressed humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2004; 286(3): H1101 - H1106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ichinose, M. Saito, H. Wada, A. Kitano, N. Kondo, and T. Nishiyasu Modulation of arterial baroreflex control of muscle sympathetic nerve activity by muscle metaboreflex in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H701 - H707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, A. Critchlow, I.-S. Shin, and R. M. Enoka Fatigability of the elbow flexor muscles for a sustained submaximal contraction is similar in men and women matched for strength J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 195 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. R. Davrath, Y. Goren, I. Pinhas, E. Toledo, and S. Akselrod Early autonomic malfunction in normotensive individuals with a genetic predisposition to essential hypertension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2003; 285(4): H1697 - H1704. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A Smith, R. G Querry, P. J Fadel, K. M Gallagher, M. Stromstad, I. Kojiro, P. B Raven, and N. H Secher Partial blockade of skeletal muscle somatosensory afferents attenuates baroreflex resetting during exercise in humans J. Physiol., September 15, 2003; 551(3): 1013 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Studinger, Z. Lenard, Z. Kovats, L. Kocsis, and M. Kollai Static and dynamic changes in carotid artery diameter in humans during and after strenuous exercise J. Physiol., July 15, 2003; 550(2): 575 - 583. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Komine, K. Matsukawa, H. Tsuchimochi, and J. Murata Central command blunts the baroreflex bradycardia to aortic nerve stimulation at the onset of voluntary static exercise in cats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 11, 2003; 285(2): H516 - H526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. A. Carrington, C. Ubolsakka, and M. J. White Interaction between muscle metaboreflex and mechanoreflex modulation of arterial baroreflex sensitivity in exercise J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2003; 95(1): 43 - 48. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Kouzaki, M. Shinohara, K. Masani, M. Tachi, H. Kanehisa, and T. Fukunaga Local blood circulation among knee extensor synergists in relation to alternate muscle activity during low-level sustained contraction J Appl Physiol, July 1, 2003; 95(1): 49 - 56. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, R. Lepers, C. J. MacGillis, and R. M. Enoka Activation among the elbow flexor muscles differs when maintaining arm position during a fatiguing contraction J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2439 - 2447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J Fadel, W. Zhao, and G. D Thomas Impaired vasomodulation is associated with reduced neuronal nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle of ovariectomized rats J. Physiol., May 15, 2003; 549(1): 243 - 253. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kondo, S. Yanagimoto, T. Nishiyasu, and C. G. Crandall Effects of muscle metaboreceptor stimulation on cutaneous blood flow from glabrous and nonglabrous skin in mildly heated humans J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2003; 94(5): 1829 - 1835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. P Kaufman Has the phoenix risen? J. Physiol., May 1, 2003; 548(3): 666 - 666. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Miki, M. Yoshimoto, and M. Tanimizu Acute shifts of baroreflex control of renal sympathetic nerve activity induced by treadmill exercise in rats J. Physiol., April 1, 2003; 548(1): 313 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. L. Pina, C. S. Apstein, G. J. Balady, R. Belardinelli, B. R. Chaitman, B. D. Duscha, B. J. Fletcher, J. L. Fleg, J. N. Myers, and M. J. Sullivan Exercise and Heart Failure: A Statement From the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention Circulation, March 4, 2003; 107(8): 1210 - 1225. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter and R. M. Enoka Changes in muscle activation can prolong the endurance time of a submaximal isometric contraction in humans J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2003; 94(1): 108 - 118. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter, D. L. Ryan, J. D. Ortega, and R. M. Enoka Task Differences With the Same Load Torque Alter the Endurance Time of Submaximal Fatiguing Contractions in Humans J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2002; 88(6): 3087 - 3096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ichinose, M. Saito, H. Wada, A. Kitano, N. Kondo, and T. Nishiyasu Modulation of arterial baroreflex dynamic response during muscle metaboreflex activation in humans J. Physiol., November 1, 2002; 544(3): 939 - 948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Tsuchimochi, K. Matsukawa, H. Komine, and J. Murata Direct measurement of cardiac sympathetic efferent nerve activity during dynamic exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1896 - H1906. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Fu, B. D Levine, J. A Pawelczyk, A. C Ertl, A. Diedrich, J. F Cox, J. H Zuckerman, C. A Ray, M. L Smith, S. Iwase, et al. Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after spaceflight J. Physiol., October 15, 2002; 544(2): 653 - 664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C.T. P. Krediet, N. van Dijk, M. Linzer, J. J. van Lieshout, and W. Wieling Management of Vasovagal Syncope: Controlling or Aborting Faints by Leg Crossing and Muscle Tensing Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1684 - 1689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. DeLorey, S. S. Wang, and J. K. Shoemaker Evidence for sympatholysis at the onset of forearm exercise J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2002; 93(2): 555 - 560. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Miller, K. C. Beck, M. J. Joyner, A. G. Brice, and B. D. Johnson Cardiorespiratory effects of inelastic chest wall restriction J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 2419 - 2428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Sandoval and K. S. Matt Gender differences in the endocrine and metabolic responses to hypoxic exercise J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2002; 92(2): 504 - 512. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K. Hunter and R. M. Enoka Sex differences in the fatigability of arm muscles depends on absolute force during isometric contractions J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2001; 91(6): 2686 - 2694. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]