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J Appl Physiol 56: 831-838, 1984;
8750-7587/84 $5.00
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Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 56, Issue 4 831-838, Copyright © 1984 by American Physiological Society

ARTICLES

Adaptations of skeletal muscle to endurance exercise and their metabolic consequences

J. O. Holloszy and E. F. Coyle

Regularly performed endurance exercise induces major adaptations in skeletal muscle. These include increases in the mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity of the muscle fibers. As a consequence of the increase in mitochondria, exercise of the same intensity results in a disturbance in homeostasis that is smaller in trained than in untrained muscles. The major metabolic consequences of the adaptations of muscle to endurance exercise are a slower utilization of muscle glycogen and blood glucose, a greater reliance on fat oxidation, and less lactate production during exercise of a given intensity. These adaptations play an important role in the large increase in the ability to perform prolonged strenuous exercise that occurs in response to endurance exercise training.


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Enhanced mitochondrial sensitivity to creatine in rats bred for high aerobic capacity
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2006; 100(6): 1765 - 1769.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
P. M. Garcia-Roves, J. Huss, and J. O. Holloszy
Role of calcineurin in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1172 - E1179.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
V. G. Coffey, A. Shield, B. J. Canny, K. A. Carey, D. Cameron-Smith, and J. A. Hawley
Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2006; 290(5): E849 - E855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
B. Kiens
Skeletal Muscle Lipid Metabolism in Exercise and Insulin Resistance
Physiol Rev, January 1, 2006; 86(1): 205 - 243.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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P. J. Schaeffer, J. J. Villarin, D. J. Pierotti, D. P. Kelly, and S. L. Lindstedt
Cost of transport is increased after cold exposure in Monodelphis domestica: training for inefficiency
J. Exp. Biol., August 15, 2005; 208(16): 3159 - 3167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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R. Cartoni, B. Leger, M. B. Hock, M. Praz, A. Crettenand, S. Pich, J.-L. Ziltener, F. Luthi, O. Deriaz, A. Zorzano, et al.
Mitofusins 1/2 and ERR{alpha} expression are increased in human skeletal muscle after physical exercise
J. Physiol., August 15, 2005; 567(1): 349 - 358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp PhysiolHome page
J. P Mattson and J. C Martin
Emphysema-induced reductions in locomotory skeletal muscle contractile function
Exp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 90(4): 519 - 525.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. P. Konhilas, U. Widegren, D. L. Allen, A. C. Paul, A. Cleary, and L. A. Leinwand
Loaded wheel running and muscle adaptation in the mouse
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): H455 - H465.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. A. Burgomaster, S. C. Hughes, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, S. N. Bradwell, and M. J. Gibala
Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2005; 98(6): 1985 - 1990.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
M. Ranalletta, H. Jiang, J. Li, T.S. Tsao, A. E. Stenbit, M. Yokoyama, E. B. Katz, and M. J. Charron
Altered Hepatic and Muscle Substrate Utilization Provoked by GLUT4 Ablation
Diabetes, April 1, 2005; 54(4): 935 - 943.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 NeurologyHome page
D. B. Olsen, M. C. Orngreen, and J. Vissing
Aerobic training improves exercise performance in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Neurology, March 22, 2005; 64(6): 1064 - 1066.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
L. G. Koch, C. L. Green, A. D. Lee, J. E. Hornyak, G. T. Cicila, and S. L. Britton
Test of the principle of initial value in rat genetic models of exercise capacity
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2005; 288(2): R466 - R472.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 FASEB J.Home page
A. Garnier, D. Fortin, J. Zoll, B. N'Guessan, B. Mettauer, E. Lampert, V. Veksler, and R. Ventura-Clapier
Coordinated changes in mitochondrial function and biogenesis in healthy and diseased human skeletal muscle
FASEB J, January 1, 2005; 19(1): 43 - 52.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. C. Venables, J. Achten, and A. E. Jeukendrup
Determinants of fat oxidation during exercise in healthy men and women: a cross-sectional study
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 160 - 167.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
C. T. Putman, W. T. Dixon, J. A. Pearcey, I. M. MacLean, M. J. Jendral, M. Kiricsi, G. K. Murdoch, and D. Pette
Chronic low-frequency stimulation upregulates uncoupling protein-3 in transforming rat fast-twitch skeletal muscle
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): R1419 - R1426.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Vasc MedHome page
E. P Brass, W. R Hiatt, and S. Green
Skeletal muscle metabolic changes in peripheral arterial disease contribute to exercise intolerance: a point-counterpoint discussion
Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2004; 9(4): 293 - 301.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. J. C. van Loon
Use of intramuscular triacylglycerol as a substrate source during exercise in humans
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1170 - 1187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Exp PhysiolHome page
C. M. Stary, O. Mathieu-Costello, and M. C. Hogan
Resistance to fatigue of individual Xenopus single skeletal muscle fibres is correlated with mitochondrial volume density
Exp Physiol, September 1, 2004; 89(5): 617 - 621.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
V. Becker, H. Gonzalez-Serratos, R. Alvarez, M. Baermann, C. Irles, and A. Ortega
Effect of endurance exercise on the Ca2+ pumps from transverse tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 467 - 474.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. R. Howarth, P. J. LeBlanc, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, and M. J. Gibala
Effect of endurance training on muscle TCA cycle metabolism during exercise in humans
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2004; 97(2): 579 - 584.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Br. J. Sports. Med.Home page
B Knoepfli, M C Riddell, E Ganzoni, A Burki, B Villiger, and S P von Duvillard
Off seasonal and pre-seasonal assessment of circulating energy sources during prolonged running at the anaerobic threshold in competitive triathletes
Br. J. Sports Med., August 1, 2004; 38(4): 402 - 407.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
I. Momken, P. Lechene, R. Ventura-Clapier, and V. Veksler
Voluntary physical activity alterations in endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H914 - H920.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Genes Dev.Home page
D. P. Kelly and R. C. Scarpulla
Transcriptional regulatory circuits controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and function
Genes & Dev., February 15, 2004; 18(4): 357 - 368.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 Eur Heart JHome page
A. I. Larsen and K. Dickstein
Can sedentary patients with heart failure achieve the beneficial effect of exercise training without moving?
Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2004; 25(2): 104 - 106.
[Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. V. Chakravarthy and F. W. Booth
Eating, exercise, and "thrifty" genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 3 - 10.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
L. Bahi, N. Koulmann, H. Sanchez, I. Momken, V. Veksler, A. X. Bigard, and R. Ventura-Clapier
Does ACE inhibition enhance endurance performance and muscle energy metabolism in rats?
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 59 - 64.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. H. Laughlin, C. R. Woodman, W. G. Schrage, D. Gute, and E. M. Price
Interval sprint training enhances endothelial function and eNOS content in some arteries that perfuse white gastrocnemius muscle
J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2004; 96(1): 233 - 244.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
V. Bezaire, G. J. F. Heigenhauser, and L. L. Spriet
Regulation of CPT I activity in intermyofibrillar and subsarcolemmal mitochondria from human and rat skeletal muscle
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2004; 286(1): E85 - E91.
[Abstract] [Full Text]

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 DiabetesHome page
A. P. Russell, J. Feilchenfeldt, S. Schreiber, M. Praz, A. Crettenand, C. Gobelet, C. A. Meier, D. R. Bell, A. Kralli, J.-P. Giacobino, et al.
Endurance Training in Humans Leads to Fiber Type-Specific Increases in Levels of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{gamma} Coactivator-1 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-{alpha} in Skeletal Muscle
Diabetes, December 1, 2003; 52(12): 2874 - 2881.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
A. L. Hildebrandt, H. Pilegaard, and P. D. Neufer
Differential transcriptional activation of select metabolic genes in response to variations in exercise intensity and duration
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2003; 285(5): E1021 - E1027.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Physiol.Home page
C. T Putman, M. Kiricsi, J. Pearcey, I. M MacLean, J. A Bamford, G. K Murdoch, W. T Dixon, and D. Pette
AMPK activation increases uncoupling protein-3 expression and mitochondrial enzyme activities in rat muscle without fibre type transitions
J. Physiol., August 15, 2003; 551(1): 169 - 178.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
K. D. Sumida, S. M. Arimoto, M. J. Catanzaro, and F. Frisch
Effect of age and endurance training on the capacity for epinephrine-stimulated gluconeogenesis in rat hepatocytes
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2003; 95(2): 712 - 719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 DiabetesHome page
K. R. Short, J. L. Vittone, M. L. Bigelow, D. N. Proctor, R. A. Rizza, J. M. Coenen-Schimke, and K. S. Nair
Impact of Aerobic Exercise Training on Age-Related Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Muscle Oxidative Capacity
Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 1888 - 1896.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 ChestHome page
E. Zanotti, G. Felicetti, M. Maini, and C. Fracchia
Peripheral Muscle Strength Training in Bed-Bound Patients With COPD Receiving Mechanical Ventilation: Effect of Electrical Stimulation
Chest, July 1, 2003; 124(1): 292 - 296.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
R. A. Howlett, N. C. Gonzalez, H. E. Wagner, Z. Fu, S. L. Britton, L. G. Koch, and P. D. Wagner
Genetic Models in Applied Physiology: Selected Contribution: Skeletal muscle capillarity and enzyme activity in rats selectively bred for running endurance
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2003; 94(4): 1682 - 1688.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Exp. Biol.Home page
J. W. Helge, C. Lundby, D. L. Christensen, J. Langfort, L. Messonnier, M. Zacho, J. L. Andersen, and B. Saltin
Skiing across the Greenland icecap: divergent effects on limb muscle adaptations and substrate oxidation
J. Exp. Biol., March 15, 2003; 206(6): 1075 - 1083.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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