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Applicability of a segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis for predicting the whole body skeletal muscle volume

¹Department of Sport System, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan; ²Rehabilitation Engineering Laboratory, Lyndhurst Centre Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; ³Department of Sport Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; and ⁴Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Submitted 5 March 2007 ; accepted in final form 23 August 2007

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that a segmental bioelectrical impedance (BI) analysis can predict whole body skeletal muscle (SM) volume more accurately than a whole body BI analysis. Thirty males (19–34 yr) participated in this study. They were divided into validation (n = 20) and cross-validation groups (n = 10). The BI values were obtained using two methods: whole body BI analysis, which determines impedance between the wrist and ankle; and segmental BI analysis, which determines the impedance of every body segment in both sides of the upper arm, lower arm, upper leg and lower leg, and five parts of the trunk. Using a magnetic resonance imaging method, whole body SM volume was determined as a reference (SMV_MRI). Simple and multiple regression analyses were applied to (length)²/Z (BI index) for the whole body and for every body segment, respectively, to develop the prediction equations of SMV_MRI. In the validation group, there were no significant differences between the measured and estimated SMV and no systematic errors in either BI analysis. In the cross-validation group, the whole body BI analysis produced systematic errors and resulted in the overestimation of SMV_MRI, but the segmental BI analysis was cross-validated. In the pooled data, the segmental BI analysis produced a prediction equation, which involves the BI indexes of the trunk and upper thigh as independent variables, with a SE of estimation of 1,693.8 cm³ (6.1%). Thus the findings obtained here indicated that the segmental BI analysis is superior to the whole body BI analysis for estimating SMV_MRI.

human body composition; magnetic resonance imaging; muscle distribution; validation; cross-validation