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Estimating changes in mean body temperature for humans during exercise using core and skin temperatures is inaccurate even with a correction factor

¹Laboratory of Human Bioenergetics and Environmental Physiology, School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; ²Yellow Springs, Ohio; ³Defence Research and Development Canada, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and ⁴Ottawa Health Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Submitted 25 January 2007 ; accepted in final form 7 May 2007

Changes in mean body temperature (_b) estimated by the traditional two-compartment model of "core" and "shell" temperatures and an adjusted two-compartment model incorporating a correction factor were compared with values derived by whole body calorimetry. Sixty participants (31 men, 29 women) cycled at 40% of peak O₂ consumption for 60 or 90 min in the Snellen calorimeter at 24 or 30°C. The core compartment was represented by esophageal, rectal (T_re), and aural canal temperature, and the shell compartment was represented by a 12-point mean skin temperature (_sk). Using T_re and conventional core-to-shell weightings (X) of 0.66, 0.79, and 0.90, mean _b estimation error (with 95% confidence interval limits in parentheses) for the traditional model was –95.2% (–83.0, –107.3) to –76.6% (–72.8, –80.5) after 10 min and –47.2% (–40.9, –53.5) to –22.6% (–14.5, –30.7) after 90 min. Using T_re, X = 0.80, and a correction factor (X₀) of 0.40, mean _b estimation error for the adjusted model was +9.5% (+16.9, +2.1) to –0.3% (+11.9, –12.5) after 10 min and +15.0% (+27.2, +2.8) to –13.7% (–4.2, –23.3) after 90 min. Quadratic analyses of calorimetry _b data was subsequently used to derive best-fitting values of X for both models and X₀ for the adjusted model for each measure of core temperature. The most accurate model at any time point or condition only accounted for 20% of the variation observed in _b for the traditional model and 56% for the adjusted model. In conclusion, throughout exercise the estimation of _b using any measure of core temperature together with mean skin temperature irrespective of weighting is inaccurate even with a correction factor customized for the specific conditions.

body heat storage; calorimetry; heat stress; hyperthermia; thermoregulation

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