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Systemic hypoxia and vasoconstrictor responsiveness in exercising human muscle

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and ²Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Submitted 28 April 2006 ; accepted in final form 23 June 2006

Exercise blunts sympathetic -adrenergic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis). We hypothesized that sympatholysis would be augmented during hypoxic exercise compared with exercise alone. Fourteen subjects were monitored with ECG and pulse oximetry. Brachial artery and antecubital vein catheters were placed in the nondominant (exercising) arm. Subjects breathed hypoxic gas to titrate arterial O₂ saturation to 80% while remaining normocapnic via a rebreath system. Baseline and two 8-min bouts of rhythmic forearm exercise (10 and 20% of maximum) were performed during normoxia and hypoxia. Forearm blood flow, blood pressure, heart rate, minute ventilation, and end-tidal CO₂ were measured at rest and during exercise. Vasoconstrictor responsiveness was determined by responses to intra-arterial tyramine during the final 3 min of rest and each exercise bout. Heart rate was higher during hypoxia (P < 0.01), whereas blood pressure was similar (P = 0.84). Hypoxic exercise potentiated minute ventilation compared with normoxic exercise (P < 0.01). Forearm blood flow was higher during hypoxia compared with normoxia at rest (85 ± 9 vs. 66 ± 7 ml/min), at 10% exercise (276 ± 33 vs. 217 ± 27 ml/min), and at 20% exercise (464 ± 32 vs. 386 ± 28 ml/min; P < 0.01). Arterial epinephrine was higher during hypoxia (P < 0.01); however, venoarterial norepinephrine difference was similar between hypoxia and normoxia before (P = 0.47) and during tyramine administration (P = 0.14). Vasoconstriction to tyramine (%decrease from pretyramine values) was blunted in a dose-dependent manner with increasing exercise intensity (P < 0.01). Interestingly, vasoconstrictor responsiveness tended to be greater (P = 0.06) at rest (–37 ± 6% vs. –33 ± 6%), at 10% exercise (–27 ± 5 vs. –22 ± 4%), and at 20% exercise (–22 ± 5 vs. –14 ± 4%) between hypoxia and normoxia, respectively. Thus sympatholysis is not augmented by moderate hypoxia nor does it contribute to the increased blood flow during hypoxic exercise.

Doppler ultrasound; exercise hyperemia; catecholamines

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