Journal of Applied Physiology AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology
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J Appl Physiol (April 27, 2006). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01515.2005
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Submitted on November 30, 2005
Accepted on April 24, 2006

Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}1-Induced Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction Involves SMAD2-Dependent p38 Activation and Subsequent RhoA Activation

Qing Lu1*, Elizabeth O. Harrington1, Heather Jackson1, Nicole Morin1, Christopher Shannon1, and Sharon Rounds1

1 Pulmonary Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States; Medicine, Brown Medical School, Providence, Rhode Island, United States

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: qing_lu{at}brown.edu.

Lung edema due to increased vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Both p38 and RhoA signaling events are involved in transforming growth factor (TGF)-{beta}1 increased endothelial permeability, however, the mechanism by which these pathways cooperate is not clear. In this study, we hypothesized that TGF-{beta}1-induced changes in endothelial monolayer permeability and in p38 and RhoA activation are dependent upon SMAD2 signaling. We assessed the role of SMAD2 in p38 activation and the role of p38 in RhoA activation by TGF-{beta}1. We found that TGF-{beta}1 caused SMAD2 phosphorylation between 0.5-1h of exposure in endothelial cells. Knockdown of SMAD2 protein prevented TGF-{beta}1-induced p38 activation and endothelial barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, TGF-{beta}1-enhanced RhoA activation was dependent upon p38 activation. Inhibition of the RhoA/Rho kinase signaling pathway blunted TGF-{beta}1-induced adherens junction disruption and focal adhesion complex formation. In addition, depletion of HSP27, a downstream signaling molecule of p38, did not prevent TGF-{beta}1-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Finally, inhibition of de novo protein expression blunted TGF-{beta}1-induced RhoA activation and endothelial barrier dysfunction. Our data indicate that TGF-{beta}1 induces endothelial barrier dysfunction involving SMAD2-dependent p38 activation resulting in RhoA activation by possible transcriptional regulation.




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