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1 Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
2 Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dpaterso{at}uwo.ca.
The adaptation of pulmonary O2 uptake (VO2p) and muscle deoxygenation at the onset of moderate-intensity cycling exercise (80% 
L) was examined without warm-up and after heavy-intensity warm-up exercise in young (n=6; 25 ± 3 y; mean ± SD) and older subjects (n=5; 68 ± 3 y). It was hypothesized that heavy-intensity warm-up would speed VO2p kinetics in older adults consequent to an improved intramuscular oxygenation. On separate days subjects performed step transitions (n=4 in each condition; 6min) from 20 W to moderate-intensity exercise preceded by either no-warm-up or heavy-intensity warm-up (
50%, 6 min) exercise. VO2p was measured breath-by-breath. Concentration changes of oxy-(HbO2), deoxy-(HHb) and total hemoglobin/myoglobin (Hbtot) of the vastus lateralis muscle were measured continuously by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS; Hamamatsu NIRO-300). VO2p (phase 2; 
) and HHb (following the time delay (TD) from exercise onset to the start of an increase in HHb) data were fit with a mono-exponential model. Following heavy-intensity warm-up, HbO2 (Older: 13 ± 9 µM; Young: 9 ± 8 µM) and Hbtot (Older: 12 ± 8 µM; Young: 14 ± 10 µM) were elevated (p<0.05) relative to the no-warm-up pre-transition baseline in older and young adults, suggesting improved muscle perfusion and oxygenation. In older adults, VO2p adapted at a faster rate (p<0.05) after heavy-warm-up (30 ± 7 s) than no-warm-up (38 ± 5 s), whereas in young the adaptation of VO2p was similar regardless of warm-up (No-warm-up: 26 ± 7 s; Heavy-warm-up: 25 ± 5 s). HHb adapted at a similar rate in older and young adults following no-warm-up, however in older adults following heavy-warm-up, the adaptation of HHb was slower (p<0.01) compared to young and to no-warm-up. Thus, the faster VO2p and slower adaptation of HHb in older adults following heavy-warm-up, combined with the elevated HbO2 and Hbtot, suggest that in older adults VO2p kinetics may be limited by a slow adaptation of muscle blood flow and O2 delivery.
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