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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print March 15, 2002
J Appl Physiol, 10.1152/jap.01268.2001
Submitted on December 28, 2001
Accepted on March 12, 2002
1 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
2 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Physiology, Zablocki VA, Milwaukee, WI, USA
3 Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
4 Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
5 Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: trferoah{at}mcw.edu.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurons in the facial (FN), gigantocellularis reticularis (RGN), and vestibular (VN) nuclei contribute to the regulation of breathing, swallowing, and the coordination of these two functions. Microtubules were chronically implanted bilaterally in goats. Two weeks later during wakefulness, 100nl unilateral injections were made of mock cerebral spinal fluid (mCSF) or an excitatory amino acid receptor agonist or antagonists. When the agonist, NMDA, was injected into any nuclei, breathing and swallowing increased transiently (15%-to-30%; P<0.05), whereas only injections of the antagonist NBQX into VN increased swallowing (20%; P<0.05). The phase of breathing in which the swallows occurred was not altered by any injections. However, more importantly, injections of NMDA and the antagonists significantly altered (P<0.05) by 5%-to-50% the respiratory phase-dependent timing and tidal volume effect of swallows on breathing relative to mCSF injections. In addition, these effects were not uniform for all 3 nuclei. We conclude that the FN, RGN, and VN are part of a neural circuit in the rostral medulla that regulates/modulates breathing, swallowing, and their coordination in the awake state.
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