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1 Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
2 Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
3 Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: niemandc{at}appstate.edu.
Sixteen experienced marathoners ran on treadmills for 3h at ~70% VO2max on two occasions while receiving 1 l/h carbohydrate (CHO) or placebo (PLA) beverages. Blood and vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were collected before and after exercise. Plasma was analyzed for IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-8, cortisol, glucose, and insulin. Muscle was analyzed for glycogen content and relative gene expression of 13 cytokines using real-time quantitative RT-PCR. Plasma glucose and insulin were higher and cortisol, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra, but not IL-8, were significantly lower post-exercise in CHO vs PLA. Change in muscle glycogen content did not differ between CHO and PLA (P=0.246). Muscle cytokine mRNA content was detected pre-exercise for seven cytokines in this order (highest to lowest): IL-15, TNF-
, IL-8, IL-1
, IL-12p35, IL-6, and IFN-
. After running for 3 h, gene expression above pre-run levels was measured for five of these cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 (large increases), and IL-10 and TNF- (small increases). The increase in mRNA (fold difference from pre-exercise) was attenuated in CHO (15.9-fold) compared to PLA (35.2-fold) for IL-6 (P=0.071) and IL-8 (CHO, 7.8-fold; PLA, 23.3-fold; P=0.063). CHO compared to PLA beverage ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra, and gene expression for IL-6 and IL-8 in athletes running 3h at 70% VO2max despite no differences in muscle glycogen content.
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