Journal of Applied Physiology Journal of Applied Physiology
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J Appl Physiol (October 24, 2003). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01057.2002
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Submitted on November 18, 2002
Accepted on October 21, 2003

Cardiovascular and respiratory responses to apneas with and without face immersion in exercising humans

Johan P Andersson1*, Mats H Liner2, Anne Fredsted1, and Erika K Schagatay3

1 Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
2 Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
3 Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: johan.andersson{at}cob.lu.se.

The effect of the diving response on alveolar gas exchange was investigated in fifteen subjects. During steady-state exercise (80 W) on a cycle ergometer the subjects performed 40-s apneas in air and 40-s apneas with face immersion in cold (10°C) water. Heart rate decreased and blood pressure increased during apneas, and the responses were augmented by face immersion. Oxygen uptake from the lungs decreased during apnea in air (-22% compared to eupneic control), and was further reduced during apnea with face immersion (-25% compared to eupneic control). The plasma lactate concentration increased from control (11%) after apnea in air, and even more after apnea with face immersion (20%), suggesting an increased anaerobic metabolism during apneas. The lung oxygen store was depleted more slowly during apnea with face immersion due to the augmented diving response, probably including a decrease in cardiac output. Venous oxygen stores were probably reduced by the cardiovascular responses. The turnover times of these gas stores would have been prolonged, reducing their effect on the oxygen uptake in the lungs. Thus, the human diving response has an oxygen-conserving effect.




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