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J Appl Physiol (February 21, 2003). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2002
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Submitted on November 18, 2002
Accepted on February 19, 2003

Effects of Physical Training on Cortical Bone at Mid-Tibia Assessed by peripheral QCT

LiJing Liu1, Ryouko Maruno1, Tomoko Mashimo1, Kazunori Sanka1, Tai Higuchi1, Kazuhiko Hayashi2, Yoshio Shirasaki2, Naoki Mukai1, Shinichi Saitoh1, and Kumpei Tokuyama1*

1 Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
2 National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tokuyama{at}taiiku.tsukuba.ac.jp.

Effects of long-term exercise on volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), bone mineral content, bone geometric properties and the strength indices of bone were examined in a cross-sectional study of athletes and controls. Tibias of 25 jumpers (13 females), 30 swimmers (15 females) and 25 controls (15 females), aged 18-23, were scanned at mid site using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). The cortical vBMD of female athletes was lower than that of the controls (2.00 ± 0.05, 1.90 ± 0.08 and 1.92 ± 0.12 g/cm3, respectively for controls, swimmers and jumpers). On the other hand, periosteal areas of male jumpers and female athletes were greater than that of controls (460 ± 50, 483 ± 46 and 512 ± 55mm2, respectively for male controls, swimmers and jumpers, and 283 ± 52, 341 ± 73 and 378 ± 75 mm2, respectively for female controls, swimmers and jumpers). The endocortical area of female swimmers was greater than that of controls (103 ± 29, 148 ± 52 and 135 ± 54 mm2, respectively for controls, swimmers and jumpers). The polar moment of inertia and strength strain index (SSI) of male jumpers and female athletes were significantly greater than those of controls, except the difference in SSI between male jumpers and controls. We conclude that the improvement of mechanical properties of young adult bone in response to long-term exercise is related to geometric adaptation and not to vBMD.




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