Submitted on September 30, 2007
Accepted on December 5, 2007
Influence of tongue muscle contraction and dynamic airway pressure on velopharyngeal volume in the rat
Ralph F. Fregosi1*
1 Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fregosi{at}u.arizona.edu.
The mammalian pharynx is a collapsible tube that narrows during inspiration as transmural pressure becomes negative. The velopharynx (VP), which lies posterior to the soft palate, is considered to be one of the most collapsible pharyngeal regions. We tested the hypothesis that negative transmural pressure would narrow the VP, and that electrical stimulation of extrinsic tongue muscles would reverse this effect. Pressure (-6, -3, 3 & 6 cmH2O) was applied to the isolated pharyngeal airway of anesthetized rats that were positioned in a 4.7 Tesla MRI scanner. The volume of 8 axial slices encompassing the length of the VP was computed at each level of pressure, with and without bilateral hypoglossal nerve stimulation (0.1 ms pulse, 1/3 max force, 80 Hz). Negative pressure narrowed the VP, and either whole hypoglossal nerve stimulation (co-activation of protrudor and retractor muscles) or medial nerve branch stimulation (independent activation of tongue protrudor muscles) reversed this effect, with the greatest impact in the caudal 1/3 of the VP. The dilating effects of medial branch stimulation were slightly larger than whole nerve stimulation. Positive pressure dilated the VP, but tongue muscle contraction did not cause further dilation under these conditions. I conclude that the narrowest and most collapsible segment of the rat pharynx is in the caudal VP, posterior to the tip of the soft palate. Either co-activation of protrudor and retractor muscles or independent contraction of protrudor muscles caused dilation of this region, but the latter was slightly more effective.
