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1 Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Human Movement and Exercise Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
2 Centre for Musculoskeletal Studies, Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
3 Department of Pulmonary Physiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: eastwood{at}cygnus.uwa.edu.au.
Genioglossus (gg) electrical activity (electromyogram, EMGgg) is best measured by intramuscular electrodes, however the homogeneity of EMGgg is undefined. We investigated the relationships between EMGgg and the site from which activity was measured to determine whether and to what extent inhomogeneity in activity occurred. 8 healthy human volunteers underwent ultrasound to determine gg depth and width. Four pairs of electrodes were then inserted percutaneously into the left and right gg muscle, anteriorly and posteriorly. Additional configurations were obtained by connecting electrodes across the midline and along each muscle belly. EMGgg activity was simultaneously recorded from these 10 configurations at rest and during various respiratory maneuvers. Heterogeneous behavior of the gg was evidenced by (i) the variable presence of phasic EMGgg at rest, which was undetectable in 2 subjects, but evident in 65% of configurations in 6 subjects, and present in all configurations in all subjects during voluntary hyperventilation, (ii) a greater amplitude of EMGgg response to pharyngeal square-wave negative pressure in anterior than posterior configurations (14.1±7.1 vs 8.5±5.1% of maximum, p<0.05), and (iii) variable (linear and alinear) relationships between EMGgg and lingual force within and between subjects. We hypothesise that regional differences in density and type of muscle fiber are the most likely sources of heterogeneity in these responses.
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