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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print December 21, 2001
J Appl Physiol, 10.1152/jap.00979.2001
Submitted on September 25, 2001
Accepted on December 20, 2001
1 Noll Physiological Research Center and Department of Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA; Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center and Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
2 Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center and Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jap18{at}psu.edu.
Unlike quadrupeds, the legs of humans are regularly exposed to elevated pressures relative to the arms. We hypothesized that this "dependent hypertension" would be associated with altered adrenergic responsiveness. Isoproterenol (0.75-24 ng/100 ml limb volume/min) and phenylephrine (0.025-0.8 µg/100 ml limb volume/min) were infused incrementally in the brachial and femoral arteries of 12 normal volunteers; changes in limb blood flow were quantified using strain-gauge plethysmography. Compared to the forearm, baseline calf vascular resistance was greater (38.8±2.5 vs. 26.9±2.0 mmHgx100 mlxmin/ml, P<0.001) and maximal conductance was lower (46.1±11.9 vs. 59.4±13.4 ml/ml/min/mmHg, P<0.03). Vascular conductance did not differ between the two limbs during isoproterenol infusions, while decreases in limb vascular conductance were greater in the calf than the forearm during phenylephrine infusions (P<0.001). With responses normalized to maximal conductance, the ED50 for phenylephrine was significantly less for the calf than the forearm (P<0.001), while the ED50 for isoproterenol did not differ between limbs. We conclude that 
1-, but not ß-, adrenergic receptor responsiveness in human limbs is non-uniform. The relatively greater response to 1-adrenergic receptor stimulation in the calf may represent an adaptive mechanism that limits blood pooling and capillary filtration in the legs during standing.
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