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J Appl Physiol (November 27, 2002). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00841.2002
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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print November 27, 2002
J Appl Physiol, 10.1152/jap.00841.2002
Submitted on September 13, 2002
Accepted on November 25, 2002

Brain temperature measured by 1H NMR inconjunction with a lanthanide complex

Hubert K Trubel1, Paul K Maciejewski2, Jacqueline H Farber3, and Fahmeed Hyder4*

1 Department of Pediatrics, Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
2 Department of Psychiatry, Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
3 Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
4 Diagnostic Radiology, Biomedical Engineering and Section of Bioimaging Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: fahmeed.hyder{at}yale.edu.

In vivo data on temperature distributions in the intact brain is scarce, partly due to lack of non-invasive methods for the region of interest (ROI). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been exploited for probing a variety of brain activities in vivo non-invasively within the ROI. Here we report the use of a thulium-based thermometric sensor, infused through the blood, for monitoring absolute temperature in rat brain in vivo by 1H NMR and validated by direct temperature measurements with thermocouple wires. Since the 1H chemical shifts also demonstrate pH sensitivity, detection of multiple resonances was used to measure both temperature and pH simultaneously with high sensitivity. Examination of blood plasma and cerebral spinal fluid samples removed from rats infused with the thermometric sensor suggest that the complex, despite its negative charge, crosses the blood-brain barrier to enter the extracellular milieu. In the future, the thulium-based thermometric sensor may be used for monitoring temperature (and pH) distributions throughout the entire brain, examining response to therapy, and evaluating changes induced by alterations in neuronal activity.




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