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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print April 19, 2002
J Appl Physiol, 10.1152/jap.00723.1999
Submitted on September 20, 1999
Accepted on March 18, 2002
1 Faculte des Sciences du Sport, Universite de la Mediterranee, Marseille, France
2 Service de reanimation medicale et d'hyperberbarie, Hopital Salvator, Marseille, France
3 Faculte de Medecine, Laboratoire de Physiologie et de pathologie respiratoire, Marseille, France
4 Faculte St Jerome, Universite Aix-Marseille III, Marseille, France
5 UPR Neusobiologie et Mouvement, CNRS, Marseille, France
6 Direction Scientifique, COMEX.SA, Marseille, France
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: carturan{at}oreka.com.
Decompression sickness (DCS) in diving is recognised as a multifactorial phenomenon depending on several factors such as decompression rate and individual susceptibility. Age, adiposity and physical fitness have been widely mentioned in the literature as factors of DCS susceptibility. The Doppler ultrasonic detection of circulating venous bubbles performed after diving is considered as a useful index for the safety of decompression, because of the relationship between bubbles and DCS risk. The Doppler bubble signals are quoted on a scale of assessment to be analysed. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of ascent rate, age, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) and percent body fat (PBF) on the production of bubbles after diving. 50 male recreational divers performed two dives at 35 m during 25 min, then ascended in one case at 9m/min (1992 French Labour Ministry decompression table), in the other case at 17m/min (1990 French Navy decompression table). They performed the same decompression stops in the two cases: 3 min at 6 m, and 15 min at 3 m. 28 divers were Doppler monitored at 10 min intervals, until 60 min after surfacing and the data were analysed by Wilcoxon Signed Rank test to compare the effect of ascent rate on the kinetics of bubbles (1st statistical analysis). 22 divers were monitored 60 min after surfacing. The effect on bubble production 60 min after surfacing, of the four variables: ascent rate, age, VO2 max and PBF, was studied on 47 divers. The data were analysed by multinomial log-linear model (2nd statistical analysis). The 1st statistical analysis shows that the ascent at 17m/min has produced more elevated grades of bubbles than the ascent at 9m/min. at each interval of detection (P<0.05). except at the 40 min interval. The 2nd statistical analysis shows a relationship between grades of bubbles and ascent rate, age, and interaction terms between VO2 max and age, as well as VO2 max and PBF. Younger, slimmer and aerobically fitter divers produced fewer venous bubbles when compared to older, faster and poor physically fit divers. These findings and the conclusions of previous studies performed on animals and humans led us to support that ascent rate, age, VO2 max and adiposity are factors of susceptibility for bubble formation after diving.
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