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1 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
2 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
3 Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
4 National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; Mackay Institute of Communication and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: d.corfield{at}keele.ac.uk.
To investigate the functional neuroanatomy of voluntary respiratory control, BOLD functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in six healthy right-handed individuals during voluntary hyperpnea. Functional images of the whole brain were acquired during periods of spontaneous breathing alternated with periods of isocapnic hyperpnea (each 31 s; spontaneous vs. voluntary, mean ± S.E.M.; tidal volume 0.5 ± 0.0 l vs. 1.3 ± 0.1 l; breath duration 4.0 ± 0.4 vs. 3.2 ± 0.4 s). For the group, voluntary hyperpnea was associated with significant (p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons) neural activity bilaterally in the primary sensory and motor cortices, the supplementary motor area, cerebellum, thalamus, caudate nucleus and globus pallidum. Significant increases in activity were also identified in the medulla (corrected for multiple comparisons based on a small volume correction for a priori region of interest), in a superior dorsal position (p = 0.012). The presence of activity within the medulla suggests that the brainstem respiratory centres may have a role in mediating the voluntary control of breathing in humans.
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