Journal of Applied Physiology
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J Appl Physiol (August 18, 2005). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00640.2005
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Submitted on May 31, 2005
Accepted on August 10, 2005

The role of acid-base balance in the chemoreflex control of breathing

James Duffin1*

1 Department of Anaesthesia and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: j.duffin{at}utoronto.ca.

This paper uses a steady state modelling approach to describe the effects of changes in acid-base balance on the chemoreflex control of breathing. First, a mathematical model is presented, which describes the control of breathing by the respiratory chemoreflexes; equations express the dependence of pulmonary ventilation on the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen at the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. These equations, with carbon dioxide partial pressures as inputs to the chemoreceptors, are transformed to equations with hydrogen ion concentrations in brain interstitial fluid and arterial blood as inputs, using the Stewart approach to acid-base balance. Examples illustrate the use of the model to explain the regulation of breathing during acid-base disturbances. They include dietary induced changes in sodium and chloride, altitude acclimatisation, and respiratory disturbances of acid-base balance due to chronic hyperventilation and carbon dioxide retention. The examples demonstrate that the relationship between PCO2 and [H+] should not be neglected when modelling the chemoreflex control of breathing. Because pulmonary ventilation controls PCO2 rather than the actual stimulus to the chemoreceptors, [H+], changes in their relationship will alter the ventilatory recruitment threshold PCO2, and thereby the steady state resting ventilation and PCO2.




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