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1 Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
2 Cardiopulmonary Science, Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY, USA
3 Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: j0yu0001{at}gwise.louisville.edu.
We recently identified a vagally mediated excitatory lung reflex by injecting hypertonic saline into the lung parenchyma. This reflex increased amplitude and burst rate of phrenic (inspiratory) nerve activity and suppressed external oblique abdominal (expiratory) muscle activity. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that bradykinin may activate extravagal pathways to stimulate breathing by assessing its reflex effects on respiratory drive. Bradykinin (1µg/kg in 0.1 ml) was injected into the lung parenchyma of anesthetized, open-chest and artificially ventilated rabbits. In most cases, bradykinin increased phrenic amplitude, phrenic burst rate, and expiratory muscle activity. However, a variety of breathing patterns resulted, ranging from hyperpnea and tachypnea to rapid shallow breathing and apnea. Bradykinin acts like hypertonic saline in producing hyperpnea and tachypnea, yet the two agents clearly differ. Bradykinin produced a higher ratio of phrenic amplitude to inspiratory time and had longer latency than hypertonic saline. Although attenuated, bradykinin-induced respiratory responses persisted after vagotomy. We conclude that bradykinin activates multiple afferent pathways in the lung; portions of its respiratory reflexes are extravagal and arise from sympathetic afferents.
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