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1 Pediatric Exercise Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hosptial, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA
2 Department of Pathology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
3 Pediatric Exercise Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hosptial, University of California Irvine, Orange, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Tel Aviv, Meir Hospital Kfar Saba,, Israel
4 Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dcooper{at}uci.edu.
Leukocytosis following exercise is a well-described phenomenon of stress/inflammatory activation in healthy humans. We hypothesized that despite this increase in circulating inflammatory cells, exercise would paradoxically induce expression of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors within these cells. To test this hypothesis, eleven healthy adult males, 18-30 years-old, performed a 30-min bout of heavy cycling exercise; blood sampling was at baseline, end-exercise, and 60 min into recovery. The percent of leukocytes positive for intracellular cytokines and growth factors and mean florescence intensity (MFI) were obtained by flow cytometry. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1
, IL-2, IFN-
, and TNF-), a pleiotropic cytokine (IL-6), and anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors (IL-4, IL-10, GH, and IGF-I) were examined. MFI was not affected by exercise, however we found a number of significant changes (p<0.05 by mixed linear model and modified t-test) in the numbers of circulating cells positive for particular mediators. The pattern of expression reflected both pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. In T-helper lymphocytes, TNF-, but also IL-6, and IL-4, were significantly increased. In monocytes, both IFN- and IL-4 increased. B-lymphocytes positive for GH and IGF-I increased significantly. GH-positive granulocytes also significantly increased. Collectively, these observations indicate that exercise primes an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory and growth factor expression within circulating leukocytes, perhaps preparing the organism to effectively respond to a variety of stressors imposed by exercise.
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