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1 Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: akramer{at}cyrus.psych.uiuc.edu.
We provide a brief review of the literature on exercise effects on brain and cognition. To this end we focus on both prospective and retrospective human epidemiological studies that have examined the influence of exercise and physical activity on cognition and dementia. We then examine the relatively small set of human randomized clinical trials that have, for the most part, focused on exercise training effects on cognition. Next, we discuss animal research which has examined the molecular, cellular and behavioral effects of exercise training. Finally, we conclude with a summary and brief discussion of important future directions of research of fitness cognition and brain.
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