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1 Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Hygiene, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
2 Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
3 Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: benjaminlevine{at}texashealth.org.
Background Occupational or recreational exercise reduces mortality from cardiovascular disease. The potential mechanisms for this reduction may include changes in blood pressure and autonomic control of the circulation. Therefore, we conducted the present long-term longitudinal study to quantify the dose-response relationship between the volume and intensity of exercise training, and regulation of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). Methods and Results: We measured steady state hemodynamics and analyzed dynamic cardiovascular regulation by spectral and transfer function analysis of cardiovascular variability, in 11 initially sedentary subjects during 1 year of progressive endurance training sufficient to allow them to complete a marathon. 1) moderate exercise training for 3 months decreased blood pressure, HR, and total peripheral resistance, and increased cardiovascular variability and arterial baroreflex sensitivity; 2) more prolonged and intense training did not augment these changes further; 3) most of these changes returned to control values at 12 months, despite markedly increased training duration and intensity equivalent to that routinely observed in competitive athletes. Conclusions Increases in RR interval and cardiovascular variability indexes are consistent with an augmentation of vagal modulation of HR after exercise training. It appears that moderate doses of training for 3 months are sufficient to achieve this response as well as a modest hypotensive effect from decreasing vascular resistance. However, more prolonged and intense training does not necessarily lead to greater enhancement of circulatory control, and therefore may not provide an added protective benefit via autonomic mechanisms against death by cardiovascular disease.
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