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1 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
2 Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
3 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cgplopper{at}ucdavis.edu.
Development of smooth muscle in conducting airways begins early in fetal life. While the pattern and regulation of smooth muscle differentiation is well-defined, the impact of airway growth on the process is not. To evaluate the transformations in organization during postnatal growth, smooth muscle bundle organization (size, abundance, and orientation) was mapped in five generations of distal airways of infant rhesus monkeys (5 day, 1, 2, 3, and 6 months old). Based on direct measurement of the bronchiole proximal to the terminal bronchiole, length increased 2x, diameter 1.35x, and surface area 2.8x between 5 days and 6 months of age. Smooth muscle bundle size was greater in proximal bronchioles than in respiratory bronchioles and did not change with age. However, relative bundle size decreased in proportion to airway size as the airways grew. Relative bundle abundance was constant regardless of airway generation or age. The distribution of smooth muscle bundle orientation changed with age in each airway generation, and there were significant changes in the terminal and respiratory bronchioles. We conclude that smooth muscle undergoes marked organizational changes as airways grow during postnatal development.
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