Journal of Applied Physiology
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J Appl Physiol (August 15, 2003). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00287.2003
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Submitted on March 19, 2003
Accepted on August 6, 2003

Effects of hypergravity on mammary metabolic function: Gravity acts as a continuum

Karen Plaut1, Rhonda L Maple1*, Charles E Wade2, Lisa A Baer2, and April E Ronca2

1 Animal Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
2 NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rmaple{at}zoo.uvm.edu.

Mammary metabolic activity in pregnant rats is significantly increased in response to spaceflight. To determine whether changes in mammary metabolism are related to gravity load, we exposed pregnant rats to hypergravity and measured mammary metabolic activity. From day 11-20 of gestation, animals were centrifuged (20 RPM; 1.5, 1.75 or 2.0 X gravity) or were maintained at 1-g. On gestation day 20 (G20), 5 rats from each group were removed from the centrifuge and euthanized (G22). The remaining dams (N=5/treatment) were housed at 1-g until parturition. After 2 h of nursing by the pups, the post-partum dams were euthanized. Glucose oxidation to CO2 and incorporation into lipids was measured. Mammary glands from dams euthanized on G20 revealed a strong negative correlation between metabolic rate and increased g-load. Approximately 98% of the variation in glucose oxidation and 94% of the variation in glucose incorporation into lipids can be accounted for by differences in g-load. Differences in metabolic activity disappeared in the post-partum dams. When we combined previous data from the microgravity with hypergravity environments and plotted the ratio of mammary metabolic rate versus g-load, there was a significant exponential relationship (r2 = .99). These data demonstrate a remarkable continuum of response across the microgravity and hypergravity environments and support the concept that gravitational load influences tissue metabolism.




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L. M. Lintault, E. I. Zakrzewska, R. L. Maple, L. A. Baer, T. M. Casey, A. E. Ronca, C. E. Wade, and K. Plaut
In a hypergravity environment neonatal survival is adversely affected by alterations in dam tissue metabolism rather than reduced food intake
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2007; 102(6): 2186 - 2193.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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