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1 School of Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: matt{at}sfu.ca.
The pattern of breathing during a hyperthermia-induced hyperventilation varies across different species. Thermal tachypnea is a first phase panting response adopted during hyperthermia when tidal volume is minimized and the frequency of breathing is maximized. Blood gas tensions/pH are maintained during this hyperventilation and the associated heat loss helps the animal regulate its body temperature. A second pattern of breathing adopted in hyperthermia is thermal hyperpnea and this response is the focus of this mini-review. This form of hyperventilation is evident after an increase in core temperature and it is apparent in humans. Increases of tidal volume as well as frequency of breathing are evident during this response and it results in a respiratory alkalosis. The cause of thermal hyperpnea is not resolved and evidence on the potential mechanisms underlying this response support modulators of the response act in either a multiplicative or additive manner with body temperatures. The details of the designs and methodologies of the studies supporting or refuting these two views are discussed. A physiological rationale for thermal hyperpnea is presented where it is suggested this response serves a heat loss role and contributes to selective brain cooling in hyperthermic humans. Ongoing research in this area is focused on resolving the mechanisms underlying thermal hyperpnea and its contribution to cranial thermoregulation. The direct application of this research is for the care of febrile and hyperthermic patients.
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