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1 Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
2 Peurunka-Medical Rehabilitation Center, Laukaa, Finland
3 Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; The Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Gerontology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
4 Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Mental Health, National Public Institute, Helsinki, Finland
5 Department of Public Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
6 Department of Psychology, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tiainen{at}sport.jyu.fi.
The purpose of the present study was to examine genetic and environmental effects on maximal isometric hand grip, knee extension and ankle plantar flexion strength. In addition, we wanted to investigate whether the strength of these three muscle groups share a genetic component or if the genetic effect is specific for each muscle group. Muscle strength was measured as part of the Finnish Twin Study on Aging in 97 monozygotic (MZ) and 102 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs aged 63-76 years. The MZ and DZ individuals did not differ from each other in age, body height, weight or self-related health. The age-adjusted pairwise (intraclass) correlations of the MZ and DZ twins, respectively, were 0.462 and 0.242 in knee extension, 0.435 and 0.345 in hand grip, 0.512 and 0.435 in ankle plantar flexion strength. The multivariate genetic analysis showed that hand grip and knee extension strength shared a genetic component, which accounted for 14% (95% CI 4-28%) of the variance in hand grip strength and 31% (95% CI 18-45%) in knee extension strength. The influence of genetic effects on ankle plantar flexion strength was minor and not significant. Furthermore, these three muscle groups had a non-genetic familial effect in common and non-shared environmental effect in common. The results suggested that muscle strength is under a genetic regulation but also environmental effects have significant role in explaining the variability in the muscle strength.
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