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* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: belohlavek.marek{at}mayo.edu.
Subendocardial and subepicardial layers of the left ventricle (LV) are characterized with right- and left-handed helical orientations of myocardial fibers. We investigated the origin of biphasic deformations of the LV wall during isovolumic contraction (IVC) and relaxation (IVR). In 8 open-chest adult pigs, strain rates were measured along the right- and left-handed helical directions in the LV anterior wall by implanting 16 sonomicrometry crystals. Sonomicrometry strain rates were compared with the longitudinal subendocardial strain rates obtained by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI-SR). During ejection and diastolic filling, shortening and lengthening occurred synchronously along the right- and left-handed helical directions. However, during IVC and IVR, the deformations were dissimilar in the two directions. Transmural shortening during IVC occurred along the right-handed helical direction and was accompanied with transient lengthening in the left-handed helical direction. Conversely, during IVR, the LV lengthened along the left-handed helical direction and shortened in the right-handed helical direction. Peak subendocardial TDI-SR during IVC and IVR correlated with corresponding sonomicrometry strain rate values obtained along the right- and left-handed helical directions (r=0.81, P<.001; r=0.70, P=.001 respectively). Our data suggests that brief counterdirectional movements occur within the LV wall during IVC and IVR. Shortening along the right-handed helical direction is accompanied with reciprocal lengthening in the left-handed helical direction during IVC and vice-versa during IVR. The results support an association between asynchronous deformation of subendocardial and subepicardial muscle fibers and the biphasic isovolumic observed with high resolution TDI.
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