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J Appl Physiol (July 14, 2005). doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00185.2005
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Submitted on February 15, 2005
Accepted on July 11, 2005

Long-range Diffusion of Hyperpolarized 3He in Explanted Normal and Emphysematous Human Lungs via Magnetization Tagging

Jason C. Woods1*, Dmitriy A. Yablonskiy2, Cliff K. Choong3, Kimiaki Chino3, John A. Pierce4, James C. Hogg5, John Bentley5, Joel D. Cooper3, Mark S. Conradi1, and Peter T. Macklem6

1 Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
2 Department of Radiology, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA; Department of Physics, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
3 Jacqueline Maritz Lung Center, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
4 Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
5 iCAPTURE Center, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
6 Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QB, Canada

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: woods{at}wuphys.wustl.edu.

Long-range diffusivity of hyperpolarized 3He gas was measured in three normal donor and nine severely emphysematous explanted human lungs, from the decay rate of sinusoidally modulated longitudinal nuclear magnetization. This diffusivity, which we call Dsec, is measured over seconds and centimeters and is found to be about ten times smaller in healthy lungs (0.022 cm2/s) than the more traditionally measured Dmsec, measured over milliseconds and sub-millimeters. The increased restriction of Dsec reflects the complex, tortuous paths required to navigate long distances through the maze of branching peripheral airways. In emphysematous lungs the long-range diffusivity is substantially increased, with some regions showing nearly the unrestricted value of the self-diffusion coefficient (0.88 cm2/s dilute in air, a 40-fold increase). This suggests the presence of large collateral pathways opened by alveolar destruction that bypass the airways proper. This destruction was confirmed by comparison to histology in seven lungs and by trapped-gas removal via holes in the pleural surface in five lungs.




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