| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1 Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
2 The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
3 Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, section M7641, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: bkp{at}rh.dk.
During the past 20 years it has been well documented that exercise has a profound effect on the immune system. With the discovery that exercise provokes an increase in a number of cytokines a possible link between skeletal muscle contractile activity and immune changes was established. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an ‘exercise factor’, which could mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We suggest that cytokines and other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibers and exert either paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as ‘myokines’. Since the discovery of interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from contracting skeletal muscle evidence has accumulated that supports an effect of IL-6 on metabolism. We suggested that muscle-derived IL-6 fulfils the criteria of an exercise factor and that such classes of cytokines should be named ‘myokines’. Interestingly, recent research demonstrates that skeletal muscles can produce and express cytokines belonging to distinctly different families. Thus, skeletal muscle has the capacity to express several myokines. To date the list includes interleukin IL-6, IL-8, and IL-15, and contractile activity plays a role in regulating the expression of these cytokines in skeletal muscle. The present review focuses on muscle-derived cytokines, also called myokines, their regulation by exercise and their possible roles in metabolism and skeletal muscle function and discusses which cytokines should be classified as true myokines.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  K. A. Huey and B. M. Meador Contribution of IL-6 to the Hsp72, Hsp25, and {alpha}{beta}-crystallin responses to inflammation and exercise training in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2008; 105(6): 1830 - 1836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Ouchi, Y. Oshima, K. Ohashi, A. Higuchi, C. Ikegami, Y. Izumiya, and K. Walsh Follistatin-like 1, a Secreted Muscle Protein, Promotes Endothelial Cell Function and Revascularization in Ischemic Tissue through a Nitric-oxide Synthase-dependent Mechanism J. Biol. Chem., November 21, 2008; 283(47): 32802 - 32811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Nedachi, H. Fujita, and M. Kanzaki Contractile C2C12 myotube model for studying exercise-inducible responses in skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2008; 295(5): E1191 - E1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Pedersen and M. A. Febbraio Muscle as an Endocrine Organ: Focus on Muscle-Derived Interleukin-6 Physiol Rev, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 1379 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. Zhu, W. Jiang, J. L. Sells, E. S. Neil, J. N. McGinley, and H. J. Thompson Effect of Nonmotorized Wheel Running on Mammary Carcinogenesis: Circulating Biomarkers, Cellular Processes, and Molecular Mechanisms in Rats Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., August 1, 2008; 17(8): 1920 - 1929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 O. H. Mortensen, K. Andersen, C. Fischer, A. R. Nielsen, S. Nielsen, T. Akerstrom, M.-b. Aastrom, R. Borup, and B. K. Pedersen Calprotectin is released from human skeletal muscle tissue during exercise J. Physiol., July 15, 2008; 586(14): 3551 - 3562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. M. Meador, C. P. Krzyszton, R. W. Johnson, and K. A. Huey Effects of IL-10 and age on IL-6, IL-1{beta}, and TNF-{alpha} responses in mouse skeletal and cardiac muscle to an acute inflammatory insult J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2008; 104(4): 991 - 997. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Louis, U. Raue, Y. Yang, B. Jemiolo, and S. Trappe Time course of proteolytic, cytokine, and myostatin gene expression after acute exercise in human skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1744 - 1751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
