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1 School of Physical and Health Education, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
2 Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
3 Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; School of Physical and Health Education, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
4 Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
5 School of Physical and Health Education, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: rossr{at}post.queensu.ca.
It is unclear whether chronic exercise without caloric restriction or weight loss is a useful strategy for obesity reduction in obese men with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). We examined the effects of exercise without weight loss on total and regional adiposity and skeletal muscle mass and composition in lean men, and obese men with and without T2D. Twenty-four men participated in 13 weeks of supervised aerobic exercise, 5 times per week for 60 minutes at a moderate intensity (~60% peak VO2). Total and regional body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal muscle composition was determined using computed tomography. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a graded maximal treadmill test. Body weight did not change within any group in response to exercise (P >0.1). Significant reductions in total, abdominal subcutaneous and visceral fat were observed within each group (P <0.01). The reduction in total and abdominal subcutaneous fat was not different (P >0.1) between groups, however, the reduction in visceral fat was greater (P <0.01) in the obese and T2D groups by comparison to the lean group. A significant (P <0.01) increase in total skeletal muscle, high-density muscle area and mean muscle attenuation was observed independent of group and these changes were not different between groups (P >0.1). Accordingly, whole body fat-to-muscle ratio was increased (P <0.01) independent of groups. In conclusion, regular exercise without weight loss is associated with a substantial reduction in total and visceral fat, and skeletal muscle lipid in both obesity and T2D.
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