Journal of Applied Physiology Information on EB 2010
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

J Appl Physiol 90: 83-89, 2001;
8750-7587/01 $5.00
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (25)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by MacDonald, M. J.
Right arrow Articles by Hughson, R. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by MacDonald, M. J.
Right arrow Articles by Hughson, R. L.
Vol. 90, Issue 1, 83-89, January 2001

Peripheral circulatory factors limit rate of increase in muscle O2 uptake at onset of heavy exercise

Maureen J. MacDonald, Heather L. Naylor, Michael E. Tschakovsky, and Richard L. Hughson

Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1


    ABSTRACT
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

We used an exercise paradigm with repeated bouts of heavy forearm exercise to test the hypothesis that alterations in local acid-base environment that remain after the first exercise result in greater blood flow and O2 delivery at the onset of the second bout of exercise. Two bouts of handgrip exercise at 75% peak workload were performed for 5 min, separated by 5 min of recovery. We continuously measured blood flow using Doppler ultrasound and sampled venous blood for O2 content, PCO2, pH, and lactate and potassium concentrations, and we calculated muscle O2 uptake (VO2). Forearm blood flow was elevated before the second exercise compared with the first and remained higher during the first 30 s of exercise (234 ± 18 vs. 187 ± 4 ml/min, P < 0.05). Flow was not different at 5 min. Arteriovenous O2 content difference was lower before the second bout (4.6 ± 0.9 vs. 7.2 ± 0.7 ml O2/dl) and higher by 30 s of exercise (11.2 ± 0.7 vs. 10.8 ± 0.7 ml O2/dl, P < 0.05). Muscle VO2 was unchanged before the start of exercise but was elevated during the first 30 s of the transition to the second exercise bout (26.0 ± 2.1 vs. 20.0 ± 0.9 ml/min, P < 0.05). Changes in venous blood PCO2, pH, and lactate concentration were consistent with reduced reliance on anaerobic glycolysis at the onset of the second exercise bout. These data show that limitations of muscle blood flow can restrict the adaptation of oxidative metabolism at the onset of heavy muscular exertion.

blood flow; metabolism; blood acid-base; O2 transport; Doppler ultrasound


    INTRODUCTION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

CENTRAL AND PERIPHERAL CIRCULATORY limitations have an impact on the ability of humans to adapt to the metabolic demands of increased exercise intensities. Slower adaptation of O2 uptake (VO2) at the onset of very heavy exercise might reflect the interaction of central and peripheral circulatory limitations to O2 transport and utilization (8, 15). Gerbino et al. (8) showed that VO2 increased more rapidly in response to a second bout of exercise, and MacDonald et al. (15) demonstrated even faster adaptation when arterial O2 content was increased. These studies suggest that better adaptation is a consequence of improved O2 transport in the second of two high-intensity exercise bouts. Proposed mechanisms for the improved O2 transport include elevated blood flow and greater O2 extraction. Both could be consequences of alterations in local acid-base status, which might promote increased vascular conductance and a right shift of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve, but direct confirmation is not available.

Our laboratory developed a forearm exercise experiment model that allows continuous monitoring of arterial blood flow in conjunction with measurement of arteriovenous O2 content difference for determination of muscle VO2 (11). In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms that enable skeletal muscle VO2 to adapt more rapidly to the second of two high-intensity exercise bouts. We hypothesized that venous blood would demonstrate an altered acid-base environment after the first bout of exercise. This alteration would then promote greater blood flow through more rapid vasodilation, as well as greater O2 extraction, in the second bout of exercise, thus allowing muscle VO2 to increase more rapidly at the onset of exercise. The metabolic consequence of this rapid adaptation of oxidative metabolism would be reduction in venous blood lactate and less change in blood pH.


    METHODS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Six healthy men (age 33 ± 5 yr, height 181 ± 2 cm, weight 74 ± 3 kg, mean ± SE) volunteered to participate in this study. They were not specifically trained, and all gave written consent on a form that was approved by the Office of Research Ethics at the University of Waterloo.

Exercise protocol. Subjects performed all exercises on a handgrip ergometer, in which the resistance was varied by adjusting the magnitude of load that was raised and lowered by repeated contractions with the right hand. The subjects were in a supine posture with the arm extended at heart level. The exercise protocol for all tests involved raising the weight for 0.5 s, lowering the weight for 0.5 s, and resting for 2 s before the next contraction, for a total cycle of 3 s. Initially, each subject performed a ramp handgrip exercise protocol, and the information from this test was used to determine the workloads to achieve 75% of peak load for the subsequent testing. In the ramp procedure, the resistance was continually increased by adding water at a flow rate of 1 l/min into a bucket that was raised and lowered. On a separate day, subjects reported to the laboratory in a rested state, at least 2 h after eating. They assumed a supine position, and a 21-gauge catheter (Angiocath, Becton-Dickinson, Sandy, UT) was inserted retrograde at the antecubital fossa in a deep forearm vein in the right arm. Another catheter was inserted in a dorsal hand vein on the left hand. This hand was warmed to obtain arterialized venous blood samples (7). The test session consisted of measurement of resting data for 5 min, which was followed, sequentially, by 5 min of exercise, 5 min of rest, 5 min of exercise, and an additional 5-min rest period.

Data collection. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by Doppler ultrasound, as described previously (6, 11, 20). This is a highly reproducible method that has a coefficient of variation of 3-4% for estimates of diameter and 13-20% for measurements of velocity and blood flow (20). Most variations in velocity and flow appear to arise from spontaneous fluctuations in the normal blood flow, as seen with beat-by-beat heart rate or blood pressure (2), and are not a function of error in the method (6, 20). Brachial artery diameter was estimated by echo Doppler ultrasound, with a 7.5-MHz linear array probe (model SSH-140A, Toshiba, Tochigi-Ken, Japan). Mean blood velocity (MBV) was determined with a 4-MHz pulsed Doppler ultrasound probe (model 500V, Multigon Industries, Mt. Vernon, NY). Brachial artery diameter was obtained twice at rest, at minutes 1 and 5 of each exercise bout, and during recovery. The spectrum of the pulsed Doppler was processed on-line with a mean velocity processor (17). Calibration signals in the Doppler shift frequency range were generated from the Doppler signal processor. The blood flow velocity of our system was calibrated against blood pumped through tubing (20). MBV was obtained through integration of the area under the curve for each heartbeat and by averaging the response over 3-s intervals, so that a contraction and relaxation phase were included during exercise. FBF was estimated beat by beat by multiplying the average MBV by the cross-sectional area [area = pi (D/2)2], where diameter (D) was updated at the times indicated in Table 1. MBV and heart rate signals were collected on a computer-based system at 100 Hz.

                              
View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1.   Resting, exercise, and recovery responses of brachial artery diameter and MBV in first and second exercise bouts

Blood samples. Venous blood samples were obtained twice during rest, at 30 s, 2 min, and 5 min of exercise, and at 30 s and 2 min of recovery. Arterialized venous blood samples were obtained twice during rest and during the fifth minute of both exercise and recovery.

Approximately 1 ml of blood was collected in heparinized syringes that were immediately capped, gently agitated, and then stored in an ice bath. Within 1 h of collection, all whole blood samples were analyzed at 37°C for PO2, PCO2, hematocrit, plasma concentrations of lactate ([La-]) and potassium ([K+]), and plasma pH by using selective electrodes in a blood-gas electrolyte analyzer (NovaStat Profile Plus 9, Waltham, MA). The analyzer was calibrated at regular intervals. Hemoglobin concentration was calculated from the measured hematocrit by assuming normal mean corpuscular hemoglobin of 33% of the total cell volume. O2 saturation and content were obtained from the output of the analysis system after application of standard equations.

Blood data analysis. Arteriovenous O2 content difference was calculated from the difference in assumed arterial O2 content and actual forearm venous O2 content. To estimate arterial O2 content, we assumed that it was constant for each subject, using 97% saturation for the calculation (arterial O2 content = 1.34[hemoglobin] × O2 saturation/100). Assumption of a constant arterial O2 content is reasonable in this study because we normally observe 97% saturation of arterial blood by noninvasive oximetry. Furthermore, forearm handgrip exercise represents a relatively small cardiovascular challenge that does not compromise arterial blood oxygenation in the lungs.

A 10-s average of FBF, centered on the time over which the blood samples were drawn, was used to match blood flow and O2 extraction for calculation of forearm muscle VO2. Arterial blood [La-] was estimated from the arterialized venous samples. Arterialized hand vein samples provided a reasonable estimation of arterial lactate concentrations because the O2 saturation in the arterialized samples of a previous study was calculated as 93.7 ± 0.5 (SE) % (n = 6) (7).

Data analysis. Effects of previous arm exercise and time on the values for FBF, arteriovenous O2 content difference, muscle VO2, pH, [La-], [K+], and PCO2 were analyzed by using a two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. This first level of analysis revealed significant interaction effects of exercise bout and time for all variables. Therefore, all subsequent analyses are reported from one-way ANOVA comparisons at each time point, thus testing for differences between the first and second exercise bouts. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Any differences were further analyzed with Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc test. All data are presented as means ± SE.


    RESULTS
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

The peak workload achieved in the ramp exercise protocol was 17.1 ± 0.9 kg. The workload used during the step test protocol was 12.8 ± 0.7 kg, which represented ~75% of the peak workload.

At the onset of the first bout of exercise, FBF immediately began a rapid adaptation (Fig. 1), which is characteristic of the response for both forearm and leg exercise (16, 21). The pattern of adaptation altered in the second bout, resulting in a faster adjustment to steady state. This response was mainly due to increases in MBV, with relatively small changes in diameter over the course of exercise or recovery, in either the first or second bout (Table 1). In the second bout of high-intensity exercise, FBF was significantly elevated before the start of exercise (111 ± 23 vs. 36 ± 6 ml/min, P < 0.05) and at 30 s of exercise (234 ± 18 vs. 187 ± 4 ml/min, P < 0.05) compared with the first bout of exercise (Fig. 2). With cessation of muscle contractions, there was a marked elevation in FBF after both the first and second bouts of exercise (Fig. 1). Postexercise hyperemia was prolonged after both exercise bouts, with FBF still markedly elevated above the preexercise resting value at the end of the 5-min recovery period.


View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 1.   Forearm blood flow (FBF) during the first (solid line) and second (dotted line) bouts of high-intensity handgrip exercise and in recovery. Time 0 indicates the onset of high-intensity exercise; the second bout followed immediately after the first (i.e., from 10 min). Values are means ± SE; n = 6 subjects (see Fig. 2 for error bars).



View larger version (18K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 2.   Time course of changes in muscle oxygen uptake (VO2; top), FBF (middle), and arteriovenous O2 content difference [(a-v)O2; bottom] during the first () and second bouts (open circle ) of high-intensity handgrip exercise. Exercise started at time 0. Values are means ± SE; n = 6. Note that the first open circle  at time = 0 min for the second exercise bout is identical to the  at time = 10 min in the first exercise bout. * Significant difference between first and second exercise bouts (P < 0.05).

Resting muscle VO2 was not significantly different before the first or second exercise bouts (Fig. 2). This was achieved by the combination of lower FBF and greater arteriovenous O2 content difference in the true resting state before the start of the first exercise bout. Before the second exercise bout, FBF was elevated, whereas the arteriovenous O2 content difference was significantly reduced (4.6 ± 0.9 vs. 7.2 ± 0.7 ml O2/dl, P < 0.05) and higher by 30 s of exercise (11.2 ± 0.7 vs. 10.8 ± 0.7 ml O2/dl, P < 0.05). At 30 s of exercise, muscle VO2 was significantly greater in the second compared with the first exercise bout (Fig. 2). The elevated muscle VO2 was caused by significantly greater FBF and arteriovenous O2 content difference in the 30-s sample in the second exercise bout. The arteriovenous O2 content difference was significantly lower in the second exercise bout compared with the first at the 5-min sampling point. This did not result in a difference in muscle VO2 at this time point, as the FBF was slightly, but not significantly, elevated in the second test.

Arterialized venous pH, [La-], and [K+] did not change significantly across the entire duration of the exercise protocol.

The elevated venous [La-] and reduced venous pH in the second exercise bout, before the start of exercise and at 30 s, are consistent with the expected metabolic acidosis in the exercising forearm after an initial bout of high-intensity exercise (Figs. 3 and 4). Also, after the first bout of exercise, there was an elevation in venous blood PCO2. Before the start of the second bout, PCO2 had declined to the point that it was not significantly elevated over the initial resting values. As exercise progressed, the relative acidosis was greater in the first exercise bout compared with the second. This was observed as significantly lower venous [La-] and PCO2, which contributed to the significantly greater pH at the end of the second bout of exercise. The differences in acid-base were maintained throughout recovery, showing the greater acidosis after the first exercise bout.


View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 3.   Venous blood lactate concentration ([La-]; top) and venous potassium concentration ([K+]; bottom) during rest, exercise (0-5 min), and recovery for the first () and second (open circle ) exercise bouts. Values are means ± SE; n = 6. * Significant difference between first and second exercise bouts (P < 0.05).



View larger version (16K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 4.   Venous blood pH (top) and PCO2 (bottom) during rest, exercise (0-5 min), and recovery for the first () and second (open circle ) exercise bouts. Values are means ± SE. * Significant difference between first and second exercise bouts (P < 0.05).

Before the onset of the second exercise bout, venous plasma [K+] was reduced compared with the first bout. Although there was a marked increase in venous [K+] with exercise, there were no differences in [K+] between exercise bouts. At 30 s after the second exercise bout, venous plasma [K+] was elevated compared with after the first bout (Fig. 3).


    DISCUSSION
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

This study provides confirmation that circulatory factors can limit the adaptation of muscle VO2 at the onset of high-intensity exercise. Muscle VO2 was measured during two, identical, high-intensity forearm exercise challenges in which the second challenge was 5 min after the first. We found that muscle VO2 was significantly elevated during the first minute of the second exercise bout compared with the first bout. Consistent with our hypotheses, the residual effects of the first exercise bout on the acid-base status of the muscle were associated with an elevation in FBF and a greater O2 extraction during the second exercise bout. Despite the differences between the present model and whole body exercise, these data, obtained in the exercising forearm, suggest that adaptation of aerobic metabolism at the onset of whole body high-intensity exercise might also be limited by the availability of O2 in healthy subjects and in patients with heart disease (1, 13, 22).

VO2 at the onset of exercise. The present experiments allowed us to explore the potential roles of bulk O2 supply, as determined by FBF and O2 extraction, in limiting VO2 at the onset of heavy exercise. Both factors were proposed, in previous modeling (3) and experimental studies (8, 11, 15), as potential rate-limiting steps in the delivery of O2 for aerobic metabolism. The data from this experiment provide the first direct confirmation of the important role of both effects in modifying O2 utilization during the rest-to-exercise transition for small muscle mass exercise. The forearm exercise model used in this study has a very different feature compared with repeated, high-intensity cycling exercise. Whereas cycling challenges both the central and peripheral circulatory capacities, the forearm model focuses on potential peripheral limitations. Thus any improvements in exercise performance that occur with whole body exercise might be further enhanced if cardiac output increases in conjunction with the altered peripheral factors identified in this study (15). The extent to which O2 transport contributes to muscle VO2 at the onset of submaximal exercise is still being debated (9, 11).

Limitations to the methodology. Limitations to the methodology used in the present study include both instrumental constraints as well as theoretical limitations of the model. As previously shown in our laboratory (20), and confirmed by Rådegran (18), Doppler ultrasound is a highly reliable and accurate method for determining both MBV and conduit artery diameter at rest and during exercise. The estimation accuracy of FBF in the present study may have been limited by the lack of repeated data collections; however, FBF variability was similar to that previously observed using these methods (18, 20).

In the present study, venous blood was sampled from a single deep forearm vein. Possible limitations to this include the assumption that the blood sampled from this vein accurately reflected the metabolic rate of the muscles of interest and that the distribution of venous return from the forearm was not altered with changes in flow. The patterns of change seen in the arteriovenous O2 content difference and venous O2 content were consistent with previously published patterns (11).

FBF. Blood flow adapts in the transition from rest to forearm or leg exercise in a two-phase pattern. The rapid increase in blood flow observed within the first 15-20 s of exercise is a consequence of the action of the muscle pump emptying veins and allowing a greater pressure gradient in combination with a limited vasodilation (19, 23). Subsequent increases in flow are primarily a consequence of further vasodilation in response to release of local vasoactive metabolites (such as K+ and H+, as shown in this study) and, possibly, endothelial factors (14). During this adaptive phase, blood flow distribution is coordinated to deliver more blood flow to metabolically active sites.

It is important to note in the present experiments that a relatively steady FBF was not achieved until ~2 min after the onset of exercise. These data are consistent with a negative feedback control mechanism. Even though FBF appeared to be relatively steady, it is obvious from the marked postexercise hyperemia that FBF was inadequate during exercise. During high-intensity exercise, FBF was unable to meet the demands because of periodic compression and occlusion of blood vessels with each contraction. Indeed, on stopping the last contraction, the high value of FBF (~600 ml/min; Fig. 1) indicates how high flow was during the muscle relaxation phases in the latter part of exercise. Figure 5 shows the beat-by-beat values for MBV throughout the entire protocol. It is apparent in all tests that individual beat values achieved the same high velocity in the pause between contractions as in the period immediately after exercise. FBF recovered during the 5-min period between exercise bouts, but it did not return to resting baseline values. Thus, just before the start of the second exercise bout, FBF was approximately twice the value from before the first bout. The two-phase pattern of blood flow adaptation was also less obvious at the start of the second bout of exercise, possibly due to the elevation of resting flow and the increased vasodilation that may have existed in the exercising muscle vascular bed. The elevated FBF can be attributed, at least in part, to the vasodilatory effect of a significant reduction in pH, measured in venous blood, along with the significant elevation in [La-] and the slight increase in PCO2. Venous plasma K+ was significantly reduced before the start of the second exercise bout. This might have been a consequence of increased washout caused by the higher FBF. Whereas this would, to some extent, counter the vasodilatory properties, it is obvious that it did not achieve total compensation, and thus FBF remained elevated.


View larger version (39K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig. 5.   Beat-by-beat values of mean blood velocity (MBV) for each subject throughout protocol [rest, exercise bouts 1 and 2 (Ex 1 and Ex 2, respectively), and recovery (Recov)]. The wide range of individual values during exercise is a function of varying vascular occlusion due to muscle contraction and relaxation. MBV adapted more rapidly at the onset of the second exercise bout.

Metabolic consequences of altered O2 transport. The more rapid increase in muscle VO2 that we found in the second exercise bout would mean that a greater proportion of the total ATP resynthesis occurred through oxidative metabolism. Consequently, utilization of phosphocreatine stores and anaerobic glycolysis should contribute less. We do not have information on the phosphocreatine stores in the present study. It might be anticipated that these stores were not completely recovered before the onset of the second exercise bout, but their final levels are unknown. Although we do not have intracellular measurements of [La-], we do have information from venous blood that indicates production was probably decreased in the second compared with the first exercise bout. Previous investigations of the effects of warm-up exercise have reported either no effect on (8), or a reduction in, blood [La-] compared with exercise without a warm-up (12). However, these studies did not measure [La-] in blood as it left the exercising muscle, and many factors could have impacted systemic venous blood [La-]. Because the total muscle mass being exercised was quite small, our finding of no change in arterialized blood [La-] was expected.

In the first 30 s of the second exercise bout, we observed a 30% increase in muscle VO2, which was a consequence of a 25.1% increase in FBF and a 3.7% increase in arteriovenous O2 content difference. These relative contributions indicate that the major factor that influenced muscle VO2 was the increase in FBF. Indeed, the relatively small changes in the local acid-base environment had only a small contribution to increased O2 extraction. We used the mean values of venous blood pH and PCO2 to estimate the 50% saturation of hemoglobin by O2 (P50). For exercise test 1 (pH = 7.38, PCO2 = 49.5 Torr), the P50 was 27.7 Torr, whereas, for test 2 (pH = 7.36, PCO2 = 51.0 Torr), the P50 was 28.3 Torr. The difference might be greater if the effect of temperature was included. The slightly but significantly greater O2 extraction seen at the 30-s point of test 2 probably reflects the small shift of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve as well as better distribution of blood flow to the exercising muscle fibers. The relatively low O2 extraction from the blood, despite the heavy workload, probably reflects the rapid transit of red blood cells across the muscle due to very high FBF during the pause between contractions.

These results from small muscle mass exercise might have important implications for other conditions in which O2 transport could be less than optimal at the onset of exercise, including exercise with beta-blockers (10) or in patients with impaired cardiac performance (1, 4, 5, 13). Factors that limit O2 transport cause greater stress on the phosphocreatine stores and anaerobic glycolysis during the rest-to-exercise transition. However, at least for heavy exercise, factors that can promote improved O2 transport or O2 release to the exercising muscles should result in less depletion of phosphocreatine and lower concentrations of muscle and blood lactate (10).


    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank David Northey for excellent technical assistance.


    FOOTNOTES

This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). M. J. MacDonald and H. L. Naylor were recipients of NSERC Post Graduate Scholarships.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: R. L. Hughson, Dept. of Kinesiology, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 (E-mail: hughson{at}healthy.uwaterloo.ca).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. The article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received 7 March 2000; accepted in final form 26 July 2000.


    REFERENCES
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

1.   Brunner-La Rocca, HP, Weilenmann D, Follath F, Schlumpf M, Rickli H, Schalcher C, Maly FE, Candinas R, and Kiowski W. Oxygen uptake kinetics during low level exercise in patients with heart failure: relation to neurohormones, peak oxygen consumption, and clinical findings. Heart 81: 121-127, 1999[Abstract/Free Full Text].

2.   Butler, GC, Yamamoto Y, and Hughson RL. Fractal nature of short-term systolic BP and HR variability during lower body negative pressure. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 267: R26-R33, 1994[Abstract/Free Full Text].

3.   Cochrane, JE, and Hughson RL. Computer simulation of O2 transport and utilization mechanisms at the onset of exercise. J Appl Physiol 73: 2382-2388, 1992[Abstract/Free Full Text].

4.   Cohen-Solal, A, Laperche T, Morvan D, Geneves M, Caviezel B, and Gourgon R. Prolonged kinetics of recovery of oxygen consumption after maximal graded exercise in patients with chronic heart failure: analysis with gas exchange measurements and NMR spectroscopy. Circulation 91: 2924-2932, 1995[Abstract/Free Full Text].

5.   De Groote, P, Millaire A, Decoulx E, Nugue O, Guimier P, and Ducloux G. Kinetics of oxygen consumption during and after exercise in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: new markers of exercise intolerance with clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol 28: 168-175, 1996[Abstract].

6.   Eriksen, M, Waaler BA, Walloe L, and Wesche J. Dynamics and dimensions of cardiac output changes in humans at the onset and at the end of moderate rhythmic exercise. J Physiol (Lond) 426: 423-437, 1990[Abstract/Free Full Text].

7.   Forster, HV, Dempsey JA, Thomson J, Vidruk E, and DoPico GA. Estimation of arterial PO2, PCO2, pH, and lactate from arterialized venous blood. J Appl Physiol 32: 134-137, 1972[Free Full Text].

8.   Gerbino, A, Ward SA, and Whipp BJ. Effects of prior exercise on pulmonary gas-exchange kinetics during high-intensity exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 80: 99-107, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text].

9.   Grassi, B, Poole DC, Richardson RS, Knight DR, Erickson BK, and Wagner PD. Muscle O2 uptake kinetics in humans: implications for metabolic control. J Appl Physiol 80: 988-998, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text].

10.   Hughson, RL. Alterations in the oxygen deficit-oxygen debt relationships with beta -andrenergic receptor blockade in man. J Physiol (Lond) 349: 375-387, 1984[Abstract/Free Full Text].

11.   Hughson, RL, Shoemaker JK, Tschakovsky M, and Kowalchuk JM. Dependence of muscle VO2 on blood flow dynamics at the onset of forearm exercise. J Appl Physiol 81: 1619-1626, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text].

12.   Ingjer, F, and Stromme SB. Effects of active, passive, or no warm-up on the physiological response to heavy exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 40: 273-282, 1979[Web of Science].

13.   Koike, A, Hiroe M, and Marumo F. Delayed kinetics of oxygen uptake during recovery after exercise in cardiac patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 185-189, 1998[Web of Science][Medline].

14.   Lash, JM. Regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow during contractions. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 211: 218-235, 1996[Abstract].

15.   MacDonald, M, Pedersen PK, and Hughson RL. Acceleration of VO2 kinetics in heavy submaximal exercise by hyperoxia and prior high-intensity exercise. J Appl Physiol 83: 1318-1325, 1997[Abstract/Free Full Text].

16.   MacDonald, MJ, Shoemaker JK, Tschakovsky ME, and Hughson RL. Alveolar oxygen uptake and femoral artery blood flow dynamics in upright and supine leg exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 85: 1622-1628, 1998[Abstract/Free Full Text].

17.  Micco AJ (Inventor). Continuous wave and pulse Doppler diagnostic system. US Patent 4,819,622. 1989.

18.   Rådegran, G. Ultrasound Doppler estimates of femoral artery blood flow during dynamic knee extensor exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 83: 1383-1388, 1997[Abstract/Free Full Text].

19.   Sheriff, DD, Rowell LB, and Scher AM. Is rapid rise in vascular conductance at onset of dynamic exercise due to muscle pump? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 265: H1227-H1234, 1993[Abstract/Free Full Text].

20.   Shoemaker, JK, Pozeg ZI, and Hughson RL. Forearm blood flow by Doppler ultrasound during rest and exercise: tests of day-to-day repeatability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28: 1144-1149, 1996[Web of Science][Medline].

21.   Shoemaker, JK, Tschakovsky ME, and Hughson RL. Vasodilation contributes to the rapid hyperemia with rhythmic contractions in humans. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 76: 418-427, 1998[Web of Science][Medline].

22.   Tschakovsky, ME, and Hughson RL. Interaction of factors determining oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise. J Appl Physiol 86: 1101-1113, 1999[Abstract/Free Full Text].

23.   Tschakovsky, ME, Shoemaker JK, and Hughson RL. Vasodilation and muscle pump contribution to immediate exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 271: H1697-H1701, 1996[Abstract/Free Full Text].

J APPL PHYSIOL 90(1):83-89
8750-7587/01 $5.00 Copyright © 2001 the American Physiological Society


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
S. Perrey, M. Burnley, G. P. Millet, F. Borrani, A. M. Jones, D. C. Poole, S. W. Copp, D. M. Hirai, P. Gimenez, T. Busso, et al.
Comments on Point:Counterpoint: The kinetics of oxygen uptake during muscular exercise do/do not manifest time-delayed phases
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2009; 107(5): 1669 - 1675.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
P. A. Sperandio, A. Borghi-Silva, A. Barroco, L. E. Nery, D. R. Almeida, and J. A. Neder
Microvascular oxygen delivery-to-utilization mismatch at the onset of heavy-intensity exercise in optimally treated patients with CHF
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2009; 297(5): H1720 - H1728.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. Faisal, K. R. Beavers, A. D. Robertson, and R. L. Hughson
Prior moderate and heavy exercise accelerate oxygen uptake and cardiac output kinetics in endurance athletes
J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2009; 106(5): 1553 - 1563.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
A. J. Harper, L. F. Ferreira, B. J. Lutjemeier, D. K. Townsend, and T. J. Barstow
Matching of blood flow to metabolic rate during recovery from moderate exercise in humans
Exp Physiol, October 1, 2008; 93(10): 1118 - 1125.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
A. M. Jones, J. Fulford, and D. P. Wilkerson
Influence of prior exercise on muscle [phosphorylcreatine] and deoxygenation kinetics during high-intensity exercise in men
Exp Physiol, April 1, 2008; 93(4): 468 - 478.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. S. DeLorey, J. M. Kowalchuk, A. P. Heenan, G. R. duManoir, and D. H. Paterson
Prior exercise speeds pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics by increases in both local muscle O2 availability and O2 utilization
J Appl Physiol, September 1, 2007; 103(3): 771 - 778.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
B. C. Thompson, T. Fadia, D. M. Pincivero, and B. W. Scheuermann
Forearm blood flow responses to fatiguing isometric contractions in women and men
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2007; 293(1): H805 - H812.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
S. B Wilkinson, M. A Tarnopolsky, M. J MacDonald, J. R MacDonald, D. Armstrong, and S. M Phillips
Consumption of fluid skim milk promotes greater muscle protein accretion after resistance exercise than does consumption of an isonitrogenous and isoenergetic soy-protein beverage
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2007; 85(4): 1031 - 1040.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
A. M. Jones, N. J. A. Berger, D. P. Wilkerson, and C. L. Roberts
Effects of "priming" exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake and muscle deoxygenation kinetics during heavy-intensity cycle exercise in the supine and upright positions
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2006; 101(5): 1432 - 1441.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Physiol.Home page
S. M. Sostaric, t. l. S. L. Skinner, M. J. Brown, T. Sangkabutra, I. Medved, T. Medley, S. E. Selig, I. Fairweather, D. Rutar, and M. J. McKenna
Alkalosis increases muscle K+ release, but lowers plasma [K+] and delays fatigue during dynamic forearm exercise
J. Physiol., January 1, 2006; 570(1): 185 - 205.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
N. D. Paterson, J. M. Kowalchuk, and D. H. Paterson
Kinetics of V.02 and femoral artery blood flow during heavy-intensity, knee-extension exercise
J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2005; 99(2): 683 - 690.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. J. Hamann, H. A. Kluess, J. B. Buckwalter, and P. S. Clifford
Blood flow response to muscle contractions is more closely related to metabolic rate than contractile work
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2005; 98(6): 2096 - 2100.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
S. Koga, D. C. Poole, T. Shiojiri, N. Kondo, Y. Fukuba, A. Miura, and T. J. Barstow
Comparison of oxygen uptake kinetics during knee extension and cycle exercise
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2005; 288(1): R212 - R220.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
D. P. Wilkerson, K. Koppo, T. J. Barstow, and A. M. Jones
Effect of prior multiple-sprint exercise on pulmonary O2 uptake kinetics following the onset of perimaximal exercise
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2004; 97(4): 1227 - 1236.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
Y. Fukuba, Y. Ohe, A. Miura, A. Kitano, M. Endo, H. Sato, M. Miyachi, S. Koga, and O. Fukuda
Dissociation between the time courses of femoral artery blood flow and pulmonary VO2 during repeated bouts of heavy knee extension exercise in humans
Exp Physiol, May 1, 2004; 89(3): 243 - 253.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
B. W. Scheuermann and T. J. Barstow
O2 uptake kinetics during exercise at peak O2 uptake
J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2003; 95(5): 2014 - 2022.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Endo, S. Tauchi, N. Hayashi, S. Koga, H. B. Rossiter, and Y. Fukuba
Facial cooling-induced bradycardia does not slow pulmonary V.O2 kinetics at the onset of high-intensity exercise
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2003; 95(4): 1623 - 1631.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
M. Burnley, A. M. Jones, R. L. Hughson, N. Tordi, and S. Perrey
Interpreting VO2 kinetics in heavy exercise revisited
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2003; 94(6): 2548 - 2550.
[Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
N. Tordi, S. Perrey, A. Harvey, and R. L. Hughson
Oxygen uptake kinetics during two bouts of heavy cycling separated by fatiguing sprint exercise in humans
J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2003; 94(2): 533 - 541.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
Y. Fukuba, N. Hayashi, S. Koga, and T. Yoshida
VO2 kinetics in heavy exercise is not altered by prior exercise with a different muscle group
J Appl Physiol, June 1, 2002; 92(6): 2467 - 2474.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF) Free
Right arrow Submit a response
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (25)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by MacDonald, M. J.
Right arrow Articles by Hughson, R. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by MacDonald, M. J.
Right arrow Articles by Hughson, R. L.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Visit Other APS Journals Online