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Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 317, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier, 31073 Toulouse cedex, France
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ABSTRACT |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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With the use of the microdialysis method, the present study, performed on young, healthy, nonobese subjects of both genders, compares the effects of locally infused catecholamines on glycerol concentration and blood flow in abdominal (Abd) and femoral (Fem) adipose tissue. Physiological activation of the sympathetic nervous system through active tilt was also investigated. In both genders, extracellular glycerol concentration was higher in Fem than in Abd adipose tissue. Local blood flow was lower in Fem than in Abd adipose tissue. Isoproterenol perfusion increased extracellular glycerol levels, but no differences were found by gender or fat-deposit site. Isoproterenol induced a greater increase in local blood flow in Fem adipose tissue in both genders. Epinephrine and norepinephrine perfusion increased extracellular glycerol and reduced blood flow. No major differences were found according to gender and fat-deposit site. Active tilt increased plasma glycerol, free fatty acid, norepinephrine levels, and extracellular glycerol concentration to the same extent whatever the gender and fat deposit. Thus, Fem adipose tissue is characterized by a higher extracellular glycerol concentration and a lower blood flow than is Abd tissue in men and women. In these tissues, in situ lipolysis and local blood flow were similar in response to adrenergic stimulation.
microdialysis; in situ effect; active tilt; fat deposit; men; women
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INTRODUCTION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SNS) activation stimulates
lipid mobilization in adipose tissue, which is the most important
tissue for triglyceride storage and mobilization. The modulatory
effects of physiological catecholamines on fat cell function involve
various adrenergic-receptor (AR) subtypes (17). The coexistence of
numerous ARs that increase (
1-,
2-, and
3-ARs) or decrease
(
2-AR) the rate of lipolysis
through activation or inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase of the
adipocyte membrane still raises questions about their physiological
relevance. The presence of ARs has clearly been established by
performing functional in vitro assays in human isolated fat cells and
binding studies with selective radioligands (17, 20). In
human fat cells, in which 2-ARs
numerically predominate over -ARs, the preferential recruitment of
the 2-ARs in vitro, leading to
an inhibition of lipolysis at lower catecholamine concentrations, has
been described (20). The -AR-dependent lipolysis,
initiated by the physiological catecholamines, occurs at the highest
concentrations of the amines. This dual effect of catecholamines on
isolated human fat cells (i.e., antilipolytic and then lipolytic,
according to the concentration of the amine) was particularly striking
in femoral adipocytes from overweight women (20) and has also been
observed more recently in subcutaneous adipocytes from obese men (19).
The physiological relevance of such in vitro responsiveness to
catecholamines remains in doubt, although some in vivo approaches have
given some interesting results with the use of in situ microdialysis.
This technique appears valuable to the study of hormonal responses in
vivo in various tissues (2, 4). It has been clearly shown that physical activity (3) and mental stress (12) stimulate glycerol output in
adipose tissue through -AR activation. However, an
2-AR component was
not revealed. Gender-dependent and adipose tissue location-dependent differences in glycerol output during exercise have also been reported
in vivo (3). In these experiments, the rate of lipolysis was assessed through measurement of glycerol output. No estimation was
made of local blood flow, which is now known to strongly modify the
apparent rate of glycerol recovery in microdialysis assays (4, 11, 16).
Although the approaches based on the utilization of the microdialysis
method have been considerably extended during the last years, studies
concerning the local action of the physiological amines in human
subcutaneous adipose tissues have been more limited and less well
documented in young healthy subjects.
The aim of the present study, performed on young, healthy, nonobese subjects of both genders with the use of the microdialysis method, was first to compare the effects of various concentrations of isoproterenol, epinephrine (Epi), and norepinephrine (NE), directly infused in the microdialysis probe, on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow in abdominal (Abd) and femoral (Fem) adipose tissue. Second, the modifications of extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow, promoted by a physiological activation of the SNS through an active tilt from the supine to the upright position, were also evaluated in these two fat deposits.
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METHODS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Subjects. The experimental procedure was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hospital. Fourteen healthy young adults (7 men, 7 women), who had not been submitted to any nutritional or pharmacological protocol before the study, gave their informed consent to participate to this clinical protocol. All were drug free and had stable weight during the previous 3 mo. All of the women were taking oral contraceptive drugs. The characteristics of the subjects are depicted in Table 1.
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Experimental sequences. The subjects entered the room at 8:00 AM and were maintained in a supine position for 60 min. In all investigations, two microdialysis probes (20 × 0.5 mm, 20,000 Da molecular mass cutoff; Carnegie Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden) were inserted percutaneously after administration of light intradermal anesthesia (100 µl of 1% lidocaine). One probe was inserted into the Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue at 100 mm from the navel; the second probe was inserted in the Fem subcutaneous adipose tissue at one-third of the distance between the patella and the superior anterior iliac spine. The probes were connected to a multichannel microinjection pump (Harvard Apparatus, South Natick, MA) and continuously perfused with sterile Ringer solution (in mM: 154 sodium, 4 potassium, 2.5 calcium, 160 chloride) supplemented with ethanol (40 mM).
Dialysis experiments. No collection of the dialysate was performed during the first 30 min immediately after implantation of the microdialysis probes (at 8:30 AM). For each probe and in each experimental period, the in vivo recovery rate at 2.5 µl/min was evaluated by using the measurement of dialysate glycerol concentrations at various perfusion rates in agreement with a previously described calibration method (4, 5, 18). Briefly, the probes were perfused at four successive rates (0.8, 1.5, 3.5, and 2.5 µl/min, respectively), and the glycerol concentration in the dialysate was determined in the steady state for each perfusion rate. The concentrations were plotted (after log transformation) against the perfusion rates. Regression analysis was used to calculate the glycerol concentration at zero flow, corresponding to the extracellular glycerol concentration. The ratio [(dialysate glycerol concentration at 2.5 µl/min) / (extracellular glycerol concentration) × 100] expressed the in vivo recovery rate of the probe at 2.5 µl/min. After this calibration period was completed, the perfusion flow rate was maintained at 2.5 µl/min, and 10-min fractions were collected.
In a first experimental session, the microdialysis probes were used to assess the in situ effect of isoproterenol (Isuprel, Sterling-Winthrop, Gentilly, France) on lipolysis and local blood flow in Abd and Fem adipose tissue of subjects of both genders (7 subjects of each gender). After three 10-min fractions were collected for definition of baseline values, the probes were perfused with increasing concentrations of isoproterenol, i.e., 0.01, 0.1, and 1 µM. Four 10-min fractions were collected for each concentration. In a second experimental session (including 5 subjects of each gender), the in situ effect of NE (Levophed, Sterling-Winthrop) on lipolysis and local blood flow was measured by using the same experimental sequence. After baseline values were defined, the probes were perfused with increasing concentrations of NE, i.e., 0.001, 0.1, and 10 µM. Four 10-min fractions were collected for each concentration. The same protocol was also applied in a third experimental session (with the same subjects involved in NE tests) to assess the in situ effect of Epi (Laboratoire Aguettant, Lyon, France). Finally, in a fourth experimental session (including the same subjects previously involved in NE and Epi tests), the effect of a 20-min active tilt (passing from the supine to the upright position) on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow was evaluated. The probes were continuously perfused with Ringer solution, and 10-min fractions were collected over the whole experimental period. Then the subjects were returned to the supine position for 30 min. Blood samples were drawn before and at the end of the tilt. All the experimental sessions were performed for each subject, with a washout period of at least 1 wk between sessions. Glycerol was assayed in each 10-min fraction collected, and glycerol was taken as the lipolysis index. The ethanol levels were measured in the perfusate and in the outgoing dialysate to determine the ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio, indicating the changes of nutritive blood flow around the probes (4, 10, 11, 13).Biochemical determinations. Glycerol in dialysate was determined by using an ultrasensitive radiometric method (7). The intra-assay and interassay variabilities were 5.0 and 9.2%, respectively. The ethanol concentration in 5-µl fractions of dialysate and perfusate was determined with an enzymatic method (6). The intra-assay and interassay variabilities were 3.0 and 4.5%, respectively. NE was assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography with the use of electrochemical (amperometric) detection, as previously described (8).
Statistical analysis. All the values are given as means ± SE. ANOVA for repeated measures, with Scheffé's post hoc test, and Wilcoxon's paired test were used for comparison when appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical comparisons were performed by using a statistical software package (Statview 4.5, Abacus Concepts, Berkeley, CA).
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RESULTS |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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Characteristics of the subjects, extracellular glycerol concentration, and ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio in Fem and Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue. Table 1 shows the characteristics of the subjects. The subjects were of similar age and body mass index. As expected, women had a significantly higher fat mass and Fem skinfold and had a lower waist-to-hip ratio. The values of the baseline ethanol ratio (the averaged values obtained with four 10-min dialysate fractions collected before infusion of drugs for each experiment) were significantly higher in the Fem than in the Abd tissue (P < 0.003). This difference was observed in subjects of both genders (Table 2) but was not gender related. The in situ recovery rate of glycerol, at the perfusion rate of 2.5 µl/min, was significantly different in the Fem and Abd probes (29 ± 2 and 36 ± 2%, respectively; P < 0.05). The calculated extracellular glycerol concentration (the mean of four 10-min dialysate fractions collected before drug infusion, for each experiment) was significantly higher in the Fem than in the Abd tissue (P < 0.005). This difference was observed in subjects of both genders (Table 2) but was not gender related.
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Effect of isoproterenol on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow in Fem and Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue. The effect of increasing concentrations of isoproterenol on extracellular glycerol concentration and ethanol ratios in women and men is depicted in Fig. 1. The addition of 0.01 µM isoproterenol into the perfusate did not modify the extracellular glycerol levels in Fem or in Abd adipose tissue in either group of subjects. Higher isoproterenol concentrations (0.1 and 1 µM) significantly increased the extracellular glycerol concentrations over the baseline (to 65 and 151% for Abd and 73 and 133% for Fem adipose tissue, respectively, when the last fraction for a given concentration is used for comparison). The isoproterenol-induced glycerol increase was not significantly different when the adipose tissue sites and gender were taken as factors in the ANOVA analysis (see Fig. 1 legend).
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Effect of NE on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow in Fem and Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue. The effect of increasing concentrations of NE on glycerol concentration and values of ethanol ratio is shown in Fig. 2. The addition of 0.001 µM NE into the perfusate did not modify extracellular glycerol levels in Fem or in Abd adipose tissue. Higher concentrations (0.1 and 10 µM) significantly increased the extracellular glycerol concentrations (to 52 and 239% and 59 and 205% over baseline in Abd and Fem adipose tissue, respectively). NE-induced glycerol increase was not significantly different when the gender was used as a factor in the ANOVA analysis. However, the NE-induced increment in extracellular glycerol was significantly higher in Abd adipose tissue (see Fig. 2 legend).
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Effect of Epi on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow in Fem and Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue. The effect of increasing concentrations of Epi on extracellular glycerol concentration and ethanol ratio is shown in Fig. 3. The addition of 0.001 µM Epi into the perfusate did not modify extracellular glycerol levels in Fem or in Abd adipose tissue. Higher concentrations (0.1 and 10 µM) significantly increased the extracellular glycerol concentrations (to 54 and 244% and 76 and 227% over baseline for Abd and Fem adipose tissue, respectively). The Epi-induced glycerol increase was not significantly different when the adipose tissue sites and gender were taken as factors in the ANOVA analysis (see Fig. 3 legend).
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Effect of 20-min active tilt on extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow in Fem and Abd subcutaneous adipose tissue. As we expected, change from supine to head-up posture (active tilt) induced a significant activation of the SNS, as assessed by the increase in plasma NE levels (Table 3). Nonesterified fatty acids and glycerol plasma levels rose significantly and concomitantly with the increment of plasma NE levels (Table 3).
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DISCUSSION |
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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The present study was performed to obtain new insights into the local action of physiological amines on human adipose tissue in vivo in normal, young, healthy subjects. The first objective was to evaluate the baseline values of extracellular glycerol concentration and local blood flow parameters in two subcutaneous fat deposits of subjects of both genders to search for the existence of putative adipose site- or gender-specific differences and to check the homogeneity of results obtained with the microdialysis assays. The second objective was comparison of the in situ effects of isoproterenol and physiological catecholamines (infused in the microdialysis probe or physiologically released after an active tilt) on glycerol concentration and local blood flow changes according to the location of the fat deposits and the gender of the subjects. In this second step, we compared the data from the present study with previously published results on isolated adipocytes in vitro.
The microdialysis method has been used several times for studying the composition of the extracellular fluid in adipose tissue and muscle. Metabolites of interest have a size <10% of the cutoff point of the dialysis probes (20,000 Da in the present study) and therefore can easily pass through the membrane of the probes. This is the case for example for glycerol, glucose, lactate, or catecholamines (16). Depending on the perfusion flow rate of the probe and according to the nature of the tissue, the recovery rate can be different for a given metabolite. As suggested by Arner et al. (1), the metabolite recovery problems can be overcome at least partly by reducing the perfusion speed and by increasing the length of the dialysis probes. The concentration of a given metabolite in the extracellular fluid can be estimated, for each probe and in each experimental protocol, by using a calibration method based on the measurement of dialysate concentrations of the metabolite at various perfusion rates, as previously described (see Refs. 4 and 23 and the present study). The results of the present study indicate that the mean recovery rate was higher when the probes were inserted in Abd than in Fem adipose tissue. However, as in previous studies (4, 14, 15), the extracellular glycerol concentrations were two- to threefold higher in adipose tissue than in blood; this suggests that net release of glycerol from subcutaneous adipose tissue occurs at rest in the fasting condition. Conversely, using the same calibration method, we found that the levels of glucose and urea were in the same range in blood and in adipose tissue (unpublished observations).
The results indicated that, whatever the gender of the subjects, extracellular glycerol concentration is slightly but significantly higher in Fem than in Abd adipose tissue and that no differences were observed according to the gender of the subjects. Such a difference was not previously reported by Jansson et al. (15) in their studies on a more limited number of subjects. In the present study, extracellular glycerol concentrations were determined in a larger number of experiments, and the significance of differences is clear (Table 2).
To study the functional changes occurring in adipose tissue microcirculation, a method was applied [as previously described for muscle and adipose tissue (4, 11, 13)] based on the evaluation of ethanol escape from the microdialysis probes (determination of ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio values) for indirect evaluation of tissue drainage. On the basis of data from the present study, two observations can be made. First, the ethanol ratio obtained in the different experiments is reproducible from one experiment to the other, as assessed by the reasonable SE values. Second, in resting basal conditions, the ethanol ratio was significantly higher in Fem than in Abd adipose tissue, although no difference was observed according to the gender of subjects. This is a notable observation for validation of the ethanol escape method for evaluation of blood flow changes. Although the microdialysis probes are randomly implanted in the fat deposits, the ethanol ratio determined is a reproducible characteristic for a given adipose tissue deposit. The fact that ethanol escape from the dialysis probe was higher in Abd than in Fem adipose tissue could reflect the existence of reduced fluid drainage in Fem adipose tissue. Reduction of spontaneous fluid circulation could depend on various tissue parameters, such as the larger size of the adipocytes in Fem vs. Abd tissues (14, 19, 22), differences in the organization and permeability of the connective web, and the density of microvessels surrounding the microdialysis probe. It has been demonstrated by using a similar microdialysis method that the glycerol level in human adipose tissue is influenced by the local blood flow, i.e., increased ethanol escape (obtained with the infusion of vasodilating agents) induced a decrease in extracellular glycerol concentration (9). Taking these observations together, we propose that the higher glycerol concentration we found in Fem adipose tissue may caused by a reduced local blood flow, although an increase in basal lipolysis rate could also play a role. Because basal lipolysis, explored in vitro, was found to be at least similar or even lower in Fem vs. Abd tissues in men and women (19, 22), it can be concluded that basal local blood flow plays an important role in the actual extracellular glycerol levels in adipose tissue.
In previous microdialysis experiments, we have shown that isoproterenol
infusion increased extracellular glycerol levels in Abd adipose tissue
simultaneously with an increase in ethanol escape (4). The present
study shows (Fig. 1) that these effects are concentration-dependent in
both tissue sites. No difference was seen in the isoproterenol-induced
glycerol output in Abd and Fem tissues, whereas the initial difference
noticed in the value of the ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio
progressively disappeared, and no difference was seen when 0.1 or 1 µM isoproterenol was infused. This result suggests that the lipolytic
response initiated by isoproterenol and -AR activation in Fem
adipose tissue is at least similar (and even higher, because modulation
of blood flow is stronger in Fem tissue) to that in Abd adipose
tissue. This in vivo result agrees with the fact that a
similar -AR level and lipolytic response to isoproterenol was found
in isolated adipocytes from the two deposits in humans (20, 21). Thus in vitro and in vivo studies correlate.
The infusion of 0.1 µM NE or Epi increased extracellular glycerol levels in both tissues without changing the ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio. Only the highest concentration used (10 µM) increased the ethanol outflow-to-inflow ratio. Thus the large increase in extracellular glycerol observed at this catecholamine concentration may not be completely due to increased lipolysis but may, in part, be caused by reduced blood flow. However, mild differences in the effects of NE and Epi were found regardless of the gender of the subjects or the site of the fat deposit.
An apparent contradiction exists between results from microdialysis and
in vitro assays. In vitro studies have shown that the lipolytic
response of human adipocytes to physiological catecholamines was rather
weak compared with response to isoproterenol. The
difference is explainable, first, by the lower affinity of Epi and NE
for -ARs (21) and, second, by the stimulation of the
2-ARs located on adipocytes,
the stimulation of which induces antilipolysis (20). According to
previous in vitro data, Fem adipocytes possess larger amounts of
2-ARs and functional in vitro
studies have shown that the impairment of Epi responsiveness was
attributable to this higher number of
2-ARs (19, 20, 22). This result conflicts with the present study results that show that the
lipomobilizing effects of Epi or NE were quite similar in the two fat
deposits. In fact, most of the in vitro studies were carried out on fat cells from older subjects, some of whom were overweight and even obese
(19, 20, 22). Because of ethical and experimental limitations, nothing
is known about the 2/-AR
balance in the fat deposits of the young, healthy subjects. However,
the present in vivo data fit more suitably with recently published in
vitro data (19, 22) that indicate that, in lean subjects (age 35 ± 5 and 36 ± 3 yr for women and men, respectively), there were no
regional differences in the antilipolytic effect of Epi or UK-14304, a
selective 2-AR agonist. Thus,
it can be concluded that, in healthy young humans, when physiological
amines are infused in microdialysis probes, no clear differences are
revealed concerning the interplay of fat cell - and
2-ARs in the regulation of
fat-cell function, according to the site of fat or gender of
subjects.
To complete the initial microdialysis approach, a physiological activation of the SNS was evaluated. This activation can easily be achieved through orthostatism. As expected, passing from the supine to the upright position increased subjects' plasma NE levels. General stimulation of lipolysis was assessed by the increase in plasma glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids (Table 3). Interstitial glycerol levels increased during the whole upright period (Fig. 4). The results indicate that no striking statistical differences were found according to either the adipose tissue location or the gender of the subjects and fit with those obtained when catecholamines are directly infused in the microdialysis probes.
In summary, our study shows that, in young adult subjects,
extracellular fluid circulation was the sole regional difference observed in adipose tissue, and the circulation of extracellular fluid
was weaker in Fem than in Abd fat deposits. This reduction of fluid
circulation may explain the higher extracellular glycerol concentration
in Fem adipose tissue. It is noticeable that lipolytic responses to
adrenergic stimulation are similar in the two sites, and no differences
based on gender were observed. Further in vivo studies are needed to
assess whether, as suggested by in vitro studies, obesity modifies the
response to physiological catecholamines in relation with increased
2-ARs in fat cells.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
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We are grateful to M. T. Canal and V. Durand de Saint Front for excellent technical assistance. We also thank G. Portolan and M. A. Tran for the catecholamine determinations.
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FOOTNOTES |
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Address for reprint requests: J. Galitzky, INSERM U317, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paul Sabatier, 37 Allées Jules Guesde, 31073, Toulouse cedex, France (E-mail: galitzky{at}cict.fr).
Received 23 September 1997; accepted in final form 23 March 1998.
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Top
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
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 V. Qvisth, E. Hagstrom-Toft, S. Enoksson, E. Moberg, P. Arner, and J. Bolinder Human Skeletal Muscle Lipolysis Is More Responsive to Epinephrine Than to Norepinephrine Stimulation in Vivo J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2006; 91(2): 665 - 670. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Mittendorfer Sexual Dimorphism in Human Lipid Metabolism J. Nutr., April 1, 2005; 135(4): 681 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Slominski, D. J. Tobin, S. Shibahara, and J. Wortsman Melanin Pigmentation in Mammalian Skin and Its Hormonal Regulation Physiol Rev, October 1, 2004; 84(4): 1155 - 1228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Schoelch, J. Kuhlmann, M. Gossel, G. Mueller, C. Neumann-Haefelin, U. Belz, J. Kalisch, G. Biemer-Daub, W. Kramer, H.-P. Juretschke, et al. Characterization of Adenosine-A1 Receptor-Mediated Antilipolysis in Rats by Tissue Microdialysis, 1H-Spectroscopy, and Glucose Clamp Studies Diabetes, July 1, 2004; 53(7): 1920 - 1926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J.-L. Ardilouze, B. A. Fielding, J. M. Currie, K. N. Frayn, and F. Karpe Nitric Oxide and {beta}-Adrenergic Stimulation Are Major Regulators of Preprandial and Postprandial Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Blood Flow in Humans Circulation, January 6, 2004; 109(1): 47 - 52. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. C. C. Navegantes, M. Sjostrand, S. Gudbjornsdottir, L. Strindberg, M. Elam, and P. Lonnroth Regulation and Counterregulation of Lipolysis in Vivo: Different Roles of Sympathetic Activation and Insulin J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2003; 88(11): 5515 - 5520. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. van der Valk, P. Reiss, F. C. van Leth, M. T. Ackermans, E. Endert, J. A. Romijn, R. Heijligenberg, and H. Sauerwein Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Induced Lipodystrophy Has Minor Effects on Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Induced Changes in Lipolysis, but Normalizes Resting Energy Expenditure J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 5066 - 5071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. L. D. Riis, C. H. Gravholt, C. B. Djurhuus, H. Norrelund, J. O. L. Jorgensen, J. Weeke, and N. Moller Elevated Regional Lipolysis in Hyperthyroidism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2002; 87(10): 4747 - 4753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. Mittendorfer, J. F. Horowitz, and S. Klein Effect of gender on lipid kinetics during endurance exercise of moderate intensity in untrained subjects Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2002; 283(1): E58 - E65. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Sengenes, A. Zakaroff-Girard, A. Moulin, M. Berlan, A. Bouloumie, M. Lafontan, and J. Galitzky Natriuretic peptide-dependent lipolysis in fat cells is a primate specificity Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): R257 - R265. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Marion-Latard, I. De Glisezinski, F. Crampes, M. Berlan, J. Galitzky, H. Suljkovicova, D. Riviere, and V. Stich A single bout of exercise induces {beta}-adrenergic desensitization in human adipose tissue Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, January 1, 2001; 280(1): R166 - R173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. SENGENÈS, M. BERLAN, I. DE GLISEZINSKI, M. LAFONTAN, and J. GALITZKY Natriuretic peptides: a new lipolytic pathway in human adipocytes FASEB J, July 1, 2000; 14(10): 1345 - 1351. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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