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Vol. 83, Issue 5, 1508-1516, 1997
Division 2, Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390, Japan
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
FOOTNOTES
REFERENCES
ABSTRACT 
Miyahara, Takashige, Toshishige Shibamoto, Hong-Gang Wang,
and Shozo Koyama. Role of circulating blood components and thromboxane in anaphylactic vasoconstriction in isolated canine lungs.
J. Appl. Physiol. 83(5):
1508-1516, 1997.
We determined the roles of circulating blood
components and chemical mediators in anaphylactic vasoconstriction and
microvascular permeability during Ascaris
suum antigen-induced anaphylaxis in isolated canine lungs. Either the right or left lower lobe served as the control lung,
which was perfused with autologous blood, and the contralateral lobe
from the same dog was examined for the effect of albumin Krebs-Henseleit solution (Krebs) or of blockers of various
vasoconstrictors with blood perfusion. Pulmonary
vasoconstriction occurred after injection of the antigen (15 mg) in
both the blood- and Krebs-perfused lungs. However, the percent change
of peak pulmonary vascular resistance in the Krebs-perfused lungs
tended to be greater than that in the blood-perfused lungs (689.9 ± 289.3 and 389.3 ± 171.9%, respectively). This increased peak
pulmonary vascular resistance was attenuated similarly by pretreatment
with indomethacin (1.1 × 10
4 M; cyclooxygenase
inhibitor), AA-2414 (105 M;
thromboxane-receptor antagonist), or a combination of TCV-309 (105 M; platelet-activating
factor-receptor antagonist), diphenhydramine (1.7 × 104 M, histamine
H1-receptor antagonist), and
indomethacin but not by pretreatment with TCV-309 or diphenhydramine
alone. The filtration coefficient, an index of vascular
permeability, did not change significantly at 15 or 60 min after the
antigen in all groups. These findings suggest that anaphylactic
vasoconstriction in the isolated canine lung is independent of
circulating blood components. Thromboxane is the major mediator for the
anaphylactic vasoconstriction. Anaphylaxis does not increase pulmonary
vascular permeability in isolated canine lungs.
Ascaris suum antigen; filtration
coefficient; indomethacin; platelet-activating factor; histamine
INTRODUCTION PULMONARY ANAPHYLACTIC VASOCONSTRICTION has been
induced in isolated perfused sensitized lungs (6, 26, 28).
We have reported that an injection of Ascaris
suum antigen causes potent pulmonary venoconstriction
in the isolated blood-perfused canine lungs (28).
A. suum anaphylaxis is the classic
well-established immunoglobulin (Ig) E anaphylactic reaction (22).
Various inflammatory mediators, including histamine,
platelet-activating factor (PAF), and eicosanoids such as leukotrienes
(LTs), thromboxane (Tx) A2, and
prostaglandin D2, were generated
and released from pulmonary tissues or migrating-inflammatory cells in
the initiation and propagation of the pulmonary anaphylactic responses
(21, 23, 26). Indeed, these chemical mediators induce pulmonary
vasoconstriction in dog lungs (24, 30, 31). However, it is not known
which mediator is mainly involved in the A. suum-induced anaphylactic pulmonary vasoconstriction.
In the isolated lungs perfused with blood-free perfusate, an antigen
challenge induces pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction (6, 26).
Enzan et al. (6) showed that pulmonary vasoconstriction was observed
after injection of human erythrocytes in the isolated, IgG-immunized
rabbit lungs perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Additionally, Selig et al. (26) demonstrated that ovalbumin caused
anaphylactic pulmonary hypertension in the isolated, Ringer-perfused, sensitized guinea pig lungs. Mast cells and alveolar macrophages could
be potential tissue sources of these inflammatory mediators (7, 9, 25).
Granulocytes and platelets also could be important blood-borne sources
of various vasoactive substances (7, 19). However, the precise roles of
these effector cells in the antigen-induced anaphylaxis still remain to
be elucidated. Furthermore, there are no reports that determined
whether blood components such as leukocytes, platelets, and complements
quantitatively modulate the pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction.
It is known that pulmonary edema can occur in patients with
anaphylactic shock (3), although the development of pulmonary edema is
not uniformly observed in systemic anaphylaxis. Clinical investigation
revealed that this type of pulmonary edema develops within 1 h after
exposure to allergens such as hydrochlorothiazide (3). However, it
remains unclear whether anaphylaxis-induced pulmonary edema is due to
an increase in vascular permeability or to an increase in vascular
hydrostatic pressure. Carlson et al. (3) reported that the protein
content of edema fluid from a patient with fulminant pulmonary edema
during anaphylactic shock was rich compared with that of plasma. On the
other hand, in a previous experimental study we (28) failed to detect
an increase in pulmonary microvascular permeability during pulmonary
anaphylaxis. We previously demonstrated (28) that
capillary filtration coefficient (Kf,c), a
sensitive indicator of the microvascular permeability, tended to
increase, but not significantly, at 10 min after administration of
A. suum antigen in the isolated,
blood-perfused canine lungs. However, in that previous study, the
Kf,c measured at
10 min could not detect conclusively pulmonary microvascular
permeability because the lung just before the
Kf,c measurement
was perfused at zone 2 conditions, in which the pulmonary vascular bed
was not fully opened (29). Therefore,
Kf,c measurement
at zone 3 conditions, in which the pulmonary microvascular vessels are
patent, is required to clarify more accurately the change of pulmonary
microvascular permeability at the early stage of anaphylactic reaction.
The first purpose of the present study was to determine whether
circulating blood components contribute to anaphylactic
vasoconstriction induced by the antigen of A. suum in the isolated canine lungs. Second, we
determined the role of histamine, eicosanoids, and PAF in the pulmonary
hemodynamic responses by using the corresponding receptor antagonist or
enzyme-synthesis inhibitor. Finally, we measured
Kf,c at zone 3 conditions at the early stage of anaphylactic reaction. It is well
known that immunological responses induced by antigen and antibody
reaction are highly sensitization dependent. Therefore, in this study,
we treated either the right or left lower lobe with agents while the
other lobe excised from the same dog served as the paired control lung
to eliminate the influence of individual variability of sensitization.
The experiments were performed in adherence to the guidelines of both
the National Institutes of Health and the Physiological Society of
Japan for the use of experimental animals.
METHODS Isolated Lung Preparation
Lung Perfusion
The cannulated lobe was suspended from an electric balance (model LF-600, Murakami Koki) and perfused at constant flow with 200 ml of shed blood or 5% albumin Krebs-Henseleit solution that was pumped from the venous reservoir through a heat exchanger (37°C) into the pulmonary artery. Airway pressure (Paw) was maintained at a constant level of 3 cmH2O. The pump speed and the height of the venous reservoir could be adjusted to maintain the pulmonary arterial (Ppa) and venous (Ppv) pressures at any steady level. The perfused blood or Krebs solution was oxygenated in the venous reservoir by continuous bubbling with 95% O2-5% CO2.Ppa and Ppv were measured by using pressure transducers that were
placed on the reference points at the level of the hilum of the lung.
Blood flow (
) was measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter (model MFV 1200, Nihon Kohden, Tokyo, Japan), and the flow
probe was positioned in the venous outflow line. Lung weight (W) was
continuously monitored and displayed on the physiograph. Ppa and Ppv
were initially adjusted to a level within the normal perfusion range in
zone 3 conditions (Ppa > Ppv > Paw) and to obtain an isogravimetric
state (no weight gain or loss).
Measurements of Pulmonary Vascular Permeability
Kf,c. The Kf,c was used as an index of microvascular permeability (5) and assessed by simultaneously increasing Ppa and Ppv by 6-8 mmHg from an isogravimetric state and observing the increase in W. The sudden increase in vascular pressure caused a rapid weight gain of the lobe due to an increase in perfusate volume of the lung. This was followed by a gradual and prolonged weight gain that was attributed to transcapillary fluid filtration (5). The weight gain rate (
W/t) at each minute after the
increase in pressure (t = 0) was
plotted as a semilogarithmic function with time, and the slow phase of
the weight transient was extrapolated to time
0. When the lung was not isogravimetric but was gaining weight, this extrapolated rate of weight gain
[(W/t)t = 0] was subtracted from the weight gain rate 1 min just
before Kf,c
determination.
(W/t)t = 0 was then divided by the increase in pulmonary
capillary pressure (Pc). Pc was measured before and after the
increase in vascular pressure by using the double vascular occlusion
technique (37).
Kf,c was
normalized to the initial W of 100 g to yield
Kf,c (in
ml · min1 · cmH2O1 · 100 g wet lung wt1)
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(1) |
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(2) |
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(3) |
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(4) |
Experimental Protocol
Hemodynamic parameters of the perfused lung were observed for at least 20 min after the start of perfusion to reach an isogravimetric state at Ppa of 10-19 mmHg, Ppv of 2.5-4 mmHg, and a flow >0.7 l · min1 · 100 g1. All lobes with a
baseline flow of <0.7
l · min1 · 100 g1 were excluded from the
present study.
Role of circulating blood components in anaphylactic response.
To investigate the exact role of circulating blood components in
pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction, either the right or left lower
lobe was perfused with 5% albumin Krebs-Henseleit solution while the
other lobe excised from the same dog was perfused with heparinized
autologous blood.
ANAPHYLAXIS GROUP WITH AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD (BLOOD GROUP)
(N = 7).
In these experiments, the lung was perfused with blood, and
A. suum antigen (15 mg) (12, 28) was
injected into the pulmonary artery.
ANAPHYLAXIS GROUP WITH 5% BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN
KREBS-HENSELEIT SOLUTION (KREBS GROUP)
(N = 7).
The lung was flushed with Krebs-Henseleit solution (composition in mM:
118 NaCl, 5.9 KCl, 1.2 MgSO4, 2.5 CaCl2, 1.2 NaH2PO4, 25.5 NaHCO3, and 5.6 glucose)
until the venous effluent was clear of blood. Thereafter, the closed
recirculating system was established with Krebs-Henseleit solution
containing 5% bovine serum albumin (Sigma Chemical). In these
experiments, the same amount of A. suum antigen (15 mg) as used in the Blood group was
injected into the pulmonary artery.
In addition, to determine whether there is a difference in the
responsiveness to a vasoconstrictor between the lung perfused with
blood or 5% Krebs-Henseleit solution, histamine (10 mg) was injected
similarly into the right and left lobe, which was perfused with either
5% albumin Krebs-Henseleit solution or autologous blood in the same
manner as described above. We used histamine because it is a
vasoconstrictive mediator of anaphylaxis (26, 34).
HISTAMINE GROUP WITH AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD (HISTAMINE BLOOD GROUP)
(N = 5).
In these experiments, the lung was perfused with blood, and histamine
(10 mg) was injected into the pulmonary artery.
HISTAMINE GROUP WITH 5% BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN KREBS-HENSELEIT
SOLUTION (HISTAMINE KREBS GROUP) (N = 5).
The lung was flushed with Krebs-Henseleit solution and then perfused
with the albumin-Krebs solution in the same manner as in the Krebs
group. In these experiments, the same amount of histamine (10 mg) as
used in the Histamine Blood group was injected into the pulmonary
artery.
Circulating leukocytes were counted with a microcell counter (model
F-520, Toa, Kobe, Japan) in the Blood and Krebs groups.
The lungs in the Blood and Krebs groups were prepared for the counting
of the numbers of neutrophils by fixation in 10% neutral-buffered Formalin at the end of protocol. Samples were embedded in paraffin, sectioned into 6-µm pieces, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The numbers of alveoli and neutrophils were counted at a magnification of ×400, averaging a total 100 alveoli for each specimen.
Role of chemical mediators in anaphylactic response.
In these groups, all lobes were perfused with 200 ml of heparinized
autologous blood in the closed recirculating system.
However, either the right or left lower lobe was pretreated with the
receptor antagonists or inhibitor while the other contralateral lower
lobe from the same dog was pretreated with the corresponding vehicles. After pretreatment with the agents or vehicles, these right and left
lobes were administered injection of the antigen into the pulmonary
artery. The effects of each inhibitor or antagonist were evaluated by
comparing the response of the agent-treated lung with that of the
corresponding paired vehicle-treated lung.
TCV-309 PRETREATED GROUP (TCV-309 GROUP)
(N = 4).
Ten minutes after an injection of TCV-309 (1.3 mg;
{3-bromo-5-[N-phenyl-N-(2-{[2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-isoquinolyl-carbonyloxy)ethyl]carbamoyl}ethyl)carbamoyl]-1-propylpyridinium nitrate}), which is a PAF-receptor antagonist (36) and should yield the final concentration of
105 M, A. suum antigen (15 mg) was injected into the pulmonary
artery. In the paired control lung, 1-ml saline was
injected into the pulmonary artery as a vehicle, followed by the
A. suum antigen injection.
DIPHENHYDRAMINE-PRETREATED GROUP (DIPHENHYDRAMINE GROUP)
(N = 5).
Ten minutes after an injection of diphenhydramine · HCl (10 mg), which is a histamine
H1-receptor antagonist and should
yield a final concentration of 1.7 × 104 M, A. suum antigen (15 mg) was injected into the pulmonary
artery. In the paired control lung, 1 ml of saline was
injected into the pulmonary artery as a vehicle, followed by the
A. suum antigen injection.
INDOMETHACIN-PRETREATED GROUP (INDOMETHACIN GROUP)
(N = 5).
Thirty minutes after an injection of indomethacin (8 mg), which is a
cyclooxygenase inhibitor and should yield a final concentration of 1.1 × 104 M,
A. suum antigen (15 mg) was injected
into the pulmonary artery. In the paired control lung, 2 ml saline and 2 ml 7% NaHCO3 were injected into the pulmonary artery as vehicles, followed by the A. suum antigen injection.
AA-2414-PRETREATED GROUP (AA-2414 GROUP)
(N = 5).
Ten minutes after an injection of AA-2414 {0.7 mg;
[(±)-7-(3,5,6-trimethyl-1,4-benzoquinon-2-yl)-7-phenylheptanoic
acid]}, which is a selective Tx-receptor antagonist (14)
and should yield a final concentration of
105 M, A. suum antigen (15 mg) was injected into the pulmonary
artery. In the paired control lung, 2 ml
dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was injected into the pulmonary artery as a
vehicle, followed by the A. suum
antigen injection.
COMBINATION OF TCV-309, DIPHENHYDRAMINE, AND INDOMETHACIN
GROUP (COMBINATION GROUP) (N = 5).
After these three drugs were injected as described above,
A. suum antigen (15 mg) was injected
into the pulmonary artery. In the paired control lung, 2 ml saline and
2 ml 7% NaHCO3 were injected into
the pulmonary artery as vehicles, followed by the A. suum antigen injection.
The concentration of TCV-309
(105 M) or diphenhydramine
(1.7 × 104 M)
employed in this study completely blocked a submaximal increase in
RT induced by 10 µg PAF or 10 mg histamine (52.4 ± 23.0 or 37.8± 7.3 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g, respectively) in the isolated canine lungs perfused with autologous
blood in our preliminary studies. The dose of indomethacin or AA-2414
was chosen as previously described (2, 14).
Kf,c was measured
at baseline and at 15 and 60 min after the antigen injection in each
group. In some lungs, anaphylactic vasoconstriction was so strong that
we reduced the perfusate flow rate to 50% of baseline flow rate to
prevent excessive edema formation. The reduction of perfusate flow
caused a decrease in Ppv below Paw, resulting in induction of zone 2 conditions (Ppa > Paw > Ppv). In such lungs,
Kf,c at 15 min
was measured at zone 3 conditions after an increase in Ppv by 3 mmHg
for 3 min by raising the height of the reservoir because
Kf,c depends on
vascular surface area (29). This last 1-min weight gain was subtracted
from the extrapolated weight gain rate for calculation of
Kf,c.
Drugs
TCV-309 and AA-2414 were provided by Takeda Chemical Industries, (Osaka, Japan). Diphenhydramine was provided by Tanabe Seiyaku (Osaka, Japan). Histamine and indomethacin were purchased from Wako Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). TCV-309 was dissolved in saline (10 mg/ml), and AA-2414 was dissolved in DMSO (0.35 mg/ml). Indomethacin was prepared by adding 100 mg to 25-ml of 7% NaHCO3 and 25 ml of saline (2 mg/ml). Diphenhydramine · HCl was dissolved in saline (10 mg/ml). Histamine was dissolved in saline (10 mg/ml).Statistical Analysis
All values are expressed as means ± SE. Differences between the agent-treated group and the corresponding vehicle control group were analyzed at each time point by the unpaired t-test. Changes within a group were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's test. Among the different groups, differences were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Fisher's test. P values <0.05 were considered significant.RESULTS
To prevent excessive edema formation during anaphylactic vasoconstriction, Ppa was kept below 50 mmHg by reducing the perfusate flow rate. Therefore, the magnitude of pulmonary vasoconstriction was evaluated by the changes in RT.
Figure 1 shows the time course changes in
RT in both the Blood and Krebs
groups. In the Blood group, RT
increased and reached a peak level of 34.5 ± 15.2 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g at 2 min after the A. suum antigen
injection from the baseline value of 9.1 ± 0.9 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g. Thereafter, RT gradually
decreased toward the baseline level. In the Krebs group,
RT increased from the baseline value of 4.2 ± 0.4 to 32.6 ± 16.2 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g at 2 min after the antigen injection. The peak RT in the Krebs group was not
significantly different from that in the Blood group. However, the
baseline RT in the Krebs group was significantly smaller than that in the Blood group. The low viscosity of 5% albumin-Krebs solution compared with blood accounts for the smaller RT in the Krebs
group during the baseline period. Therefore, the percent change of the
peak value of RT in the Krebs group, 689.9 ± 289.3% of baseline, tended to be greater than that in the Blood group, 389.3 ± 171.9%. However, this difference did not reach statistical significance because of much variability.
Figure 2 shows changes in Ra and Rv in the
Blood and Krebs groups. In both groups, Ra did not change significantly
throughout the experimental period. In contrast, Rv was increased
significantly from 4.0 ± 0.3 to 27.7 ± 14.4 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g in the Blood group and from 1.6 ± 0.1 to 27.2 ± 14.8 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g in the Krebs group at 2 min after the antigen injection. The percent
change of the peak value of Rv in the Krebs group (1,495.7 ± 716.7%) tended to be greater, but not significantly so, than that in
the Blood group (636.2 ± 295.7%).
Histamine (10 mg) caused vasoconstriction, especially venoconstriction,
in the Histamine Blood and Histamine Krebs groups. RT was increased significantly
from 9.1 ± 1.1 to 33.9 ± 3.7 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g in the Histamine blood group and from 5.3 ± 0.7 to 18.6 ± 4.4 mmHg · l1 · min · 100 g in the Histamine Krebs group at 2 min after histamine injection. The
percent change of the peak values of
RT in the Histamine Blood group
(386.0 ± 38.5%) was similar to that in the Histamine Krebs group
(370.2 ± 94.7%). The percent changes in the peak of Rv were 561.4 ± 47.9 and 593.9 ± 149.7% in the Histamine Blood and Histamine
Krebs groups, respectively.
Table 1 summarizes changes in the total leukocyte counts in the Blood and Krebs groups. The leukocyte counts in the perfusing blood did not change during pulmonary vasoconstriction from the baseline value of 2,000 ± 173 to 2,043 ± 72/mm3 at 2 min after the antigen injection. These baseline leukocyte counts were consistent with those reported by Allison et al. (1), who used similar isolated blood-perfused canine lungs. Thereafter, the leukocyte counts decreased significantly by 20 and 33% of baseline at 30 and 60 min after the antigen injection, respectively. In the Krebs group the total leukocyte counts were below 200/mm3 throughout the experimental period. In addition, the numbers of neutrophils in the lungs were 154.0 ± 21.2/100 alveoli in the Blood group. Although the lung in the Krebs group was flushed with Krebs-Henseleit solution, small numbers of neutrophils (20.8 ± 2.3/100 alveoli) still remained in the lungs.
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Figure 3 shows the time course changes in
RT in the Indomethacin and
receptor-antagonist groups. In the TCV-309 and Diphenhydramine groups,
RT increased significantly at 5 min after the antigen injection and then gradually decreased toward the
baseline level. The peak RT of
the TCV-309 or Diphenhydramine group was similar to that of the
corresponding paired control lung. In contrast, the increase in
RT in response to the antigen
was significantly inhibited by indomethacin or AA-2414. Similarly, the
combination of TCV-309, diphenhydramine, and indomethacin significantly
attenuated the increased RT
compared with that of the paired control lung.
Figure 4 summarizes the effects of blockers
on pulmonary vasoconstriction in all blocker groups; the peak level of
RT in each blocker group was
expressed as a percentage of that in the paired control group.
Treatment with TCV-309 and diphenhydramine did not affect the
vasoconstriction induced by A. suum
antigen. Indomethacin, AA-2414, and combination of TCV-309,
diphenhydramine, and indomethacin significantly attenuated the peak
levels of RT that were observed in the corresponding control groups (51.6 ± 7.7, 36.8 ± 4.5, and 34.6 ± 9.0%, respectively). There were no significant
differences among these three groups.
Figure 5 shows the time course changes in
Kf,c in all
groups except the Histamine Blood and Histamine Krebs groups. There were no significant differences in the baseline
Kf,c among any groups studied. In the Blood group,
Kf,c at 15 min
after the antigen (0.204 ± 0.038 ml · min1 · cmH2O1 · 100 g1) was not significantly
different from that of the baseline value (0.174 ± 0.029 ml · min1 · cmH2O1 · 100 g1). In addition, there
were no significant changes in the
Kf,c measured at
15 or 60 min after the antigen injection in all groups studied,
although Kf,c in
the Krebs group tended to be greater, but not significantly so, than
that of any other blood-perfused groups.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, we determined the roles of circulating blood components and various vasoconstrictors in the pulmonary vascular responses to anaphylaxis induced by A. suum antigen by using isolated canine lungs perfused at a constant flow. Either the right or left lower lobe served as the control, and the contralateral lower lobe excised from the same dog was used as the experimental one. We have obtained two major findings in the present study. The first finding was that anaphylactic pulmonary vasoconstriction, characterized by predominant venoconstriction, was definitely observed in 5% albumin Krebs-Henseleit solution-perfused lung, in which circulating blood components were washed out. In addition, the increased peak RT and Rv in response to the antigen in the Krebs group were identical to those in the Blood group. These findings suggest that components of circulating blood, such as leukocytes, platelets, and complements, are not essential for the pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction in the classic well-established IgE anaphylactic reaction of A. suum anaphylaxis (22).
The anaphylactic vasoconstriction tended to be greater in magnitude
when the lung lobes were perfused with 5% albumin-Krebs solution than
when the lobes were perfused with blood, although the peak absolute
values of RT and Rv were
identical in both the Blood and Krebs groups. The
RT increased 3.9-fold in the
Blood group, whereas it increased 6.9-fold in the Krebs group. The
reason for the tendency of this greater response in the Krebs group is not known. Several explanations could be provided. First, chemical mediators, probably TxA2, might
have been released in greater amount in the Krebs group than in the
Blood group. In this respect, one possibility was that if
some A. suum antigens had been
nonspecifically bound to blood components such as large proteins of
globulins and circulating cells in the perfusing blood, a smaller
amount of the antigen might have reached the effector cells in the
Blood group than in the Krebs group. Another possibility may be related to the IgG4 antibody, which was reported to inhibit the anaphylactic reaction in humans (35). It was reported that the IgG4 antibody could
inhibit competitively the binding of IgE to mast cells or act as a
blocking antibody, preventing antigen from reaching the cell-bound IgE
in humans (35). Therefore, IgG4, if present, in the circulating blood
might have exerted blocking effects during anaphylaxis in the Blood
group (16). However, it is not known whether this interaction between
IgG4 and IgE on mast cells exists in dogs (18). Second, the
responsiveness to chemical mediators might be greater in the Krebs
group than that in the Blood group. However, this possibility is
unlikely because, in the present study, histamine caused
vasoconstriction to the same degree in the lungs perfused with blood or
Krebs. Finally, in addition to endothelial cells, the circulating blood
components, such as neutrophils and/or platelets, might have
released vasodilators of prostacyclin (21) and/or nitric oxide
(NO) (20) in response to anaphylaxis. The vasodilators released in
greater amount in the Blood group might have attenuated the
vasoconstriction in a greater magnitude than in the Krebs group, in
which few blood components except the small number of marginated
neutrophils were found (20, 21). However, we found that a NO synthase
inhibitor of
NG-nitro-L-arginine
methyl ester (103 M) did
not augment the anaphylactic vasoconstriction in the isolated blood-perfused canine lungs (data not shown). This
suggests that NO does not affect the anaphylactic vasoconstriction in
the present study. However, further examinations are required in the
future.
The total leukocyte counts in the perfusing blood did not change at the early stage of anaphylactic reaction in the present study. This finding contrasts with the anaphylactic response found in in vivo experiments in sheep (21) and rabbits (15), in which transient leukocytopenia occurred during anaphylactic responses. The discrepancy between the present study and the latter two studies might be ascribed to heparin, which was used in the present study, but not in the latter in vivo studies. Actually, heparin has been recently shown to inhibit adhesion of leukocytes in the endothelium by preventing neutrophil carbohydrate ligands from binding to P-selectin, an adhesion molecule expressed on endothelial cells (17).
The second main finding of this study was that pulmonary vasoconstriction induced by A. suum antigen was significantly attenuated by indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, or AA-2414, a Tx-receptor antagonist, but not by TCV-309, a PAF-receptor antagonist, or diphenhydramine, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist. These findings strongly suggest that TxA2 plays a major role in the A. suum-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. Indeed, in isolated canine lungs, STA2, a stable TxA2 analog, induces pulmonary venoconstriction but not increased vascular permeability (30), which is the characteristic response of canine pulmonary anaphylaxis (28). In addition, the blood or perfusate concentrations of TxB2, the metabolite of TxA2, were reported to be elevated during systemic and pulmonary anaphylaxis (21, 26). Morel et al. (21) demonstrated that TxA2 was the principal mediator of anaphylactic pulmonary vasoconstriction, based on the finding that the first cardiovascular manifestation of a profound and transient pulmonary vasoconstriction was coincident with the increase in plasma TxB2 levels in sheep when systemic anaphylaxis was induced by bovine serum albumin. Moreover, in the isolated IgG-immunized rabbit lungs sensitized with human O-N type erythrocytes, indomethacin or KT2-962, a Tx-receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure after the antigen challenge (6). Thus the present study has also demonstrated the crucial role of TxA2 in the classic well-established IgE anaphylactic reaction of A. suum anaphylaxis in the isolated canine lungs (22).
The cellular source of TxA2 generated in response to the antigen challenge in canine lungs is not known in the present study. One potential cell is the mast cell (25). Mast cells are found in the submucosa of the pulmonary bronchioles and bronchi in close association with blood vessels and may influence the pulmonary vasculature by promoting an inflammatory response. Immunological stimulation of mast cells results in release of TxA2 (25). On the other hand, Holgate et al. (9) reported that the macrophage-monocyte series might contribute to the IgE-dependent TxA2 generation. Henderson (7) also reported that TxA2 is released from alveolar macrophages, monocytes, and platelets in response to pulmonary inflammation. Additionally, in the present study, small numbers of neutrophils still remained in the lungs perfused with Krebs-Henseleit solution. This indicates that although the lung was flushed out with the Krebs solution, the marginated leukocytes could not be depleted in these lungs. Neutrophils could be a source of TxA2 in response to anaphylaxis (8, 19). Taken together, mast cells and/or alveolar macrophages and, possibly, the marginated leukocytes might release TxA2 in the canine pulmonary anaphylaxis of the present study.
There are some reports that indomethacin potentiated the antigen-induced pulmonary hypertension by increasing LT release in guinea pig lungs (4, 26). Selig et al. (26) showed that although LTs were not detected in the venous effluent perfusate after the antigen challenge alone, indomethacin potentiated ovalbumin-induced pulmonary hypertension associated with increased perfusate concentrations of lipoxygenase metabolite in the isolated guinea pig lung. In the present study, however, indomethacin significantly attenuated antigen-induced pulmonary hypertension. The reasons for the different results of the previous studies (4, 26) compared with the present study are not known, but two possible explanations could be provided. One possibility is that LT-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction may be mediated by the secondary production of Tx as seen in sheep lungs (21). Even if LT had been synthesized in the A. suum-treated canine lungs, the subsequent generation of TxA2 might have been inhibited by indomethacin in the present study. As another possibility, pulmonary vascular reactivity to LT may be different among species. Shapiro et al. (27) showed that in six anesthetized dogs administered intravenous LTD4, significant cardiopulmonary responses occurred in four dogs but that the remaining two dogs did not respond to LTD4. This finding supports the idea that canine pulmonary vascular reactivity to LT might be variable and weaker than that of guinea pig lung.
In the present study, diphenhydramine, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist, did not attenuate vasoconstriction induced by A. suum antigen. Histamine has been shown to be released during systemic anaphylaxis in humans (34) and in animals (13, 21, 32). However, histamine seems not to play a significant role in systemic anaphylaxis in dogs (32). Silverman et al. (32) showed that both histamine H1-receptor and H2-receptor antagonists were ineffective in altering the physiological responses observed during A. suum-induced systemic anaphylactic shock. Furthermore, Krell (13) demonstrated that antigen-induced bronchoconstriction was not inhibited by histamine H1-receptor antagonist in the A. suum-hypersensitive dog. These findings are consistent with the present results. Moreover, in the isolated Krebs-perfused rabbit lungs, histamine H1-receptor antagonist also did not attenuate pulmonary vasoconstriction (6). In contrast, Selig et al. (26) showed, by using isolated Ringer-perfused lungs of guinea pig that were sensitized with ovalbumin, that the histamine H1-receptor antagonist prevented the antigen-induced changes in pulmonary hemodynamics, intratracheal pressure, and edemagenic responses. Species difference may account for the different results of the guinea pig study of Selig et al. compared with results of studies using rabbits (6) and the dogs used in the present study. Failure to prevent the physiological changes after the antigen administration in the present study suggests a minor role for histamine in anaphylactic vasoconstriction in canine lungs.
Concentrations of TxB2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from canine lungs with aerosolized A. suum antigen challenge were significantly increased (11), whereas histamine concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage were variable and not significantly increased (10). In these studies, Kleeberger et al. (10, 11) demonstrated that the increased airway resistance assessed by collateral system resistance was significantly attenuated by an indomethacin or Tx synthase inhibitor but not by a histamine H1-receptor antagonist. These results indicate that, regardless of different routes of administration of antigen, TxA2, but not histamine, is released and may influence the diameters of both blood vessels and airways after antigen challenge in canine lungs.
PAF, a phospholipid mediator synthesized in various cell types such as alveolar macrophages and mast cells, has been implicated in human asthma (33) and experimental anaphylactic animal models (15, 26). Pretreatment with TCV-309, a PAF-receptor antagonist, did not reduce antigen-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction in the present study, suggesting that PAF may not be involved in pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction in canine lungs. One possible explanation for the absence of effect of diphenhydramine or TCV-309 on vasoconstriction was that more than one mediator is released at supramaximal concentrations, and thus inhibition of a single mediator has no effect on the magnitude of the constriction. For instance, even if the response to histamine or PAF is completely blocked, the response to Tx still remains intact, and no change in the constriction is observed. However, in the present study, in the Combination group, TCV-309 or diphenhydramine exerted no augmenting effect on the inhibitory action of indomethacin. This finding also reinforces the suggestion that PAF or histamine is not involved in pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction induced by A. suum antigen in canine lungs.
Pulmonary microvascular permeability assessed by Kf,c did not change significantly at 15 or 60 min after A. suum antigen administration in the present study. We (28) previously reported that any changes in pulmonary microvascular permeability did not occur within 3 h after anaphylaxis induced in the same manner as in the present study. However, in that previous study (28), the Kf,c measured at 10 min after the antigen injection might underestimate the permeability change, because the lung just before the Kf,c measurement was perfused under zone 2 conditions (29). One of the purposes of the present study was to reexamine the changes in pulmonary microvascular permeability at the early stage of pulmonary anaphylaxis by keeping the lung perfusion at zone 3 conditions. Actually, in the present study, anaphylactic vasoconstriction in eight lobes was so strong that we inevitably reduced increased Ppa by decreasing the perfusate flow rate, which resulted in perfusion at zone 2 conditions. In such lungs, 3 min before the 15-min Kf,c measurement, we made zone 3 conditions by raising the reservoir a little, and then we measured Kf,c. These accurate Kf,c measurement procedures definitely revealed that microvascular permeability does not increase as early as 15 min after the antigen challenge. Thus we conclude that pulmonary anaphylaxis induced by A. suum antigen does not increase pulmonary microvascular permeability in canine lungs.
In summary, pulmonary anaphylactic vasoconstriction induced by A. suum antigen in isolated canine lung is independent of circulating blood components. Presumably, perivascular mast cells, alveolar macrophages, and/or marginated leukocytes may be involved in this reaction. Tx rather than PAF or histamine is a major mediator for the pulmonary vasoconstrictive response. It should be noted that the characteristics of antigen-induced mediator release are highly sensitization dependent. Therefore, the bilaterally prepared isolated lung lobes excised from the same dog in this study appear to be a useful model for exploring the relationship between pathophysiological mechanisms, pharmacological modulation, and patterns of mediator release during pulmonary anaphylaxis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) and Tanabe Seiyaku Company, Ltd. (Osaka, Japan) for the gift of TCV-309 and AA-2414 and of diphenhydramine · HCl, respectively.
FOOTNOTES
Address for reprint requests: T. Shibamoto, Div. 2, Dept. of Physiology, Shinshu Univ. School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390, Japan.
Received 2 January 1997; accepted in final form 23 June 1997.
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