Journal of Applied Physiology AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
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J Appl Physiol 105: 1378, 2008; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.zdg-8179.vpcomm.2008
8750-7587/08 $8.00
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LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Commentary on Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes

TO THE EDITOR: All published comparisons of local sweat sampling techniques (e.g., filter paper, gauze, skin scraping, pipette, rubber glove, or arm bag collections) versus the whole body wash down method have reported that local samples contained higher electrolyte concentrations (4). The present paper by Weschler (5) provides a hypothetical mechanism for these findings [i.e., sweat leaches electrolytes from the stratum corneum (SC)] but does not consider a second testable and possibly concurrent mechanism. The following evidence supports absorption of water by the SC, increasing the tonicity of sweat irregardless of electrolyte leaching. 1) Skin swells when immersed in water for extended periods (4). 2) Hidromeiosis of eccrine glands, the progressive decrease of sweat rate, is proportional to skin wettedness and likely involves a mechanical obstruction of the sweat duct subsequent to SC swelling (3). Similarly, the skin disorder miliaria rubra (i.e., prickly heat) may involve SC swelling, closure of the sweat gland surface pore, bacterial infection, and inflammation (1). 3) Experimental evidence has shown that water diffuses into the SC, especially when air water vapor pressure is great or the skin is saturated with water; this diffusion increases in proportion to an increased sweat rate (2). 4) When sweat is collected in an impermeable arm bag, unrelated solutes (i.e., lactate, chloride, urea) concentrate in unison, as demonstrated by van Heyningen and Weiner (statistical r2 = 0.84 to 0.94; see Fig. 2 in Ref. 4). Indeed, these investigators recognized the absorption of water by the SC as a plausible explanation for their findings.

REFERENCES

  1. Armstrong LE, Hubbard RW, Epstein Y, Weien R. Nonconventional remission of miliaria rubra during heat acclimation: case study. Mil Med 153: 402–404, 1988.[Web of Science][Medline]
  2. Buettner K. Diffusion of water and water vapor through human skin. J Appl Physiol 6: 229–242, 1953.[Free Full Text]
  3. Gonzalez RR, Pandolf KB, Gagge AP. Heat acclimation and decline in sweating during humidity transients. J Appl Physiol 36: 419–425, 1974.[Free Full Text]
  4. Van Heyningen R, Weiner JS. A comparison of arm-bag sweat and body sweat. J Physiol 116: 395–403, 1952.[Free Full Text]
  5. Weschler L. Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes. J Appl Physiol; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00924.2007.[Free Full Text]

Lawrence E. Armstrong
 Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut




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Last Word on Viewpoint: Sweat electrolyte concentrations obtained from within occlusive coverings are falsely high because sweat itself leaches skin electrolytes
J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2008; 105(4): 1379 - 1379.
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