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Role of acid-base balance in the chemoreflex control of breathing

Departments of Anaesthesia and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario

Submitted 30 May 2005 ; accepted in final form 10 August 2005

This paper uses a steady-state modeling approach to describe the effects of changes in acid-base balance on the chemoreflex control of breathing. First, a mathematical model is presented, which describes the control of breathing by the respiratory chemoreflexes; equations express the dependence of pulmonary ventilation on PCO₂ and PO₂ at the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. These equations, with PCO₂ values as inputs to the chemoreceptors, are transformed to equations with hydrogen ion concentrations [H⁺] in brain interstitial fluid and arterial blood as inputs, using the Stewart approach to acid-base balance. Examples illustrate the use of the model to explain the regulation of breathing during acid-base disturbances. They include diet-induced changes in sodium and chloride, altitude acclimatization, and respiratory disturbances of acid-base balance due to chronic hyperventilation and carbon dioxide retention. The examples demonstrate that the relationship between PCO₂ and [H⁺] should not be neglected when modeling the chemoreflex control of breathing. Because pulmonary ventilation controls PCO₂ rather than the actual stimulus to the chemoreceptors, [H⁺], changes in their relationship will alter the ventilatory recruitment threshold PCO₂, and thereby the steady-state resting ventilation and PCO₂.

computer modeling

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