| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
INVITED REVIEW
Research Pharmacology, Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, California
In skeletal muscle, the increase in intracellular Ca2+ resulting from motor activation plays a key role in both contractile activity-dependent and fiber type-specific gene expression. These motor activation-dependent signals are linked to the amplitude and duration of the Ca2+ transients that are decoded downstream by Ca2+-dependent transcriptional pathways. Evidence is mounting that the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMKs) such as CaMKII play an important role in regulating oxidative enzyme expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, and expression of fiber type-specific myofibrillar proteins. CaMKIV has been shown to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and a mild fast-to-slow fiber type transition but has recently been shown to not be required for activity-dependent changes in muscle phenotype. CaMKII is known to decode frequency-dependent information and is activated during hypertrophic growth and endurance adaptations and also is upregulated during muscle atrophy. CaMKII has also been shown to remain active in a Ca2+-independent manner after acute and prolonged exercise, and, therefore, is implicated as a mechanism for muscle memory. This mechanism can sense altered functional demands and trigger activation of an adaptational response that is dose dependently related to the activation level. This class of enzymes may therefore be the ideal decoders of information encoded by the intensity, frequency, and duty cycle of muscle activation and thus translate level of muscle activation into phenotypic adaptations through regulation of important muscle genes.
calcium; mitochondrial biogenesis; exercise adaptation
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  J. Backs, T. Backs, S. Bezprozvannaya, T. A. McKinsey, and E. N. Olson Histone Deacetylase 5 Acquires Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase II Responsiveness by Oligomerization with Histone Deacetylase 4 Mol. Cell. Biol., May 15, 2008; 28(10): 3437 - 3445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. F. Kramer, E. B. Taylor, C. A. Witczak, N. Fujii, M. F. Hirshman, and L. J. Goodyear Calmodulin-Binding Domain of AS160 Regulates Contraction- but Not Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Skeletal Muscle Diabetes, December 1, 2007; 56(12): 2854 - 2862. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Blazevich, D. Cannavan, D. R. Coleman, and S. Horne Influence of concentric and eccentric resistance training on architectural adaptation in human quadriceps muscles J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2007; 103(5): 1565 - 1575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. J. Rose, C. Frosig, B. Kiens, J. F. P. Wojtaszewski, and E. A. Richter Effect of endurance exercise training on Ca2+ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expression and signalling in skeletal muscle of humans J. Physiol., September 1, 2007; 583(2): 785 - 795. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 X. Mu, L. D. Brown, Y. Liu, and M. F. Schneider Roles of the calcineurin and CaMK signaling pathways in fast-to-slow fiber type transformation of cultured adult mouse skeletal muscle fibers Physiol Genomics, August 20, 2007; 30(3): 300 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. M. Kemp, N. R. Nirmala, and J. D. Szustakowski Extending the pathway analysis framework with a test for transcriptional variance implicates novel pathway modulation during myogenic differentiation Bioinformatics, June 1, 2007; 23(11): 1356 - 1362. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J. Muller-Borer, W. E. Cascio, G. L. Esch, H.-S. Kim, W. B. Coleman, J. W. Grisham, P. A. W. Anderson, and N. N. Malouf Mechanisms controlling the acquisition of a cardiac phenotype by liver stem cells PNAS, March 6, 2007; 104(10): 3877 - 3882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Freyssenet Energy sensing and regulation of gene expression in skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol, February 1, 2007; 102(2): 529 - 540. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. B. McClelland, P. M. Craig, K. Dhekney, and S. Dipardo Temperature- and exercise-induced gene expression and metabolic enzyme changes in skeletal muscle of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) J. Physiol., December 1, 2006; 577(2): 739 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Fujii, N. Jessen, and L. J. Goodyear AMP-activated protein kinase and the regulation of glucose transport Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2006; 291(5): E867 - E877. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Konig, A. Beguet, C. R. Bader, and L. Bernheim The calcineurin pathway links hyperpolarization (Kir2.1)-induced Ca2+ signals to human myoblast differentiation and fusion Development, August 15, 2006; 133(16): 3107 - 3114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. J. Rose, B. Kiens, and E. A. Richter Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase expression and signalling in skeletal muscle during exercise J. Physiol., August 1, 2006; 574(3): 889 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Wijesekara, A. Tung, F. Thong, and A. Klip Muscle cell depolarization induces a gain in surface GLUT4 via reduced endocytosis independently of AMPK Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, June 1, 2006; 290(6): E1276 - E1286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. A. Meyer Does blood flow restriction enhance hypertrophic signaling in skeletal muscle? J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2006; 100(5): 1443 - 1444. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| Visit Other APS Journals Online |
