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Effect of prolonged exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production in humans

¹School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, ²Department of Immunology, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham; ³GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare, Brentford; and ⁴School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom

Submitted 19 July 2004 ; accepted in final form 18 August 2004

The present study was undertaken to examine the role of the exercise-induced stress hormone response on the regulation of type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte intracellular cytokine production. Subjects performed 2.5 h of cycling exercise at 65% maximal O₂ uptake while ingesting a 6.4% carbohydrate (CHO) solution, 12.8% CHO solution, or a placebo. Peripheral whole blood samples were stimulated and stained for T lymphocyte surface antigens (CD4 and CD8). Cells were then permeabilized, stained for intracellular cytokines, and analyzed using flow cytometry. Exercise resulted in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the number and percentage of IFN- positive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. These stimulated cells produced less IFN- immediately postexercise (P < 0.05) and 2-h postexercise (P < 0.05) compared with preexercise. However, CHO ingestion, which attenuated the exercise-induced stress hormone response compared with placebo (P < 0.05), prevented both the decrease in the number and percentage of IFN--positive CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes and the suppression of IFN- production from stimulated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. There was no effect of exercise on the number of, or cytokine production from, IL-4-positive CD4⁺ or CD8⁺ T lymphocytes. These data provide support for the role of exercise-induced elevations in stress hormones in the regulation of type 1 T lymphocyte cytokine production and distribution.

T lymphocytes; cytokines; cycling; immune

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