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J Appl Physiol 98: 482-488, 2005. First published October 1, 2004; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00895.2004
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Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise

C. Scott Bickel,4 Jill Slade,1 Ed Mahoney,1 Fadia Haddad,2 Gary A. Dudley,1,3 and Gregory R. Adams2

1Department of Exercise Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; 2Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California; 3Crawford Research Institute, Shepherd Center, Atlanta, Georgia; and 4Department of Physical Therapy, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana

Submitted 18 August 2004 ; accepted in final form 24 September 2004

Resistance exercise (RE) training, designed to induce hypertrophy, strives for optimal activation of anabolic and myogenic mechanisms to increase myofiber size. Clearly, activation of these mechanisms must precede skeletal muscle growth. Most mechanistic studies of RE have involved analysis of outcome variables after many training sessions. This study measured molecular level responses to RE on a scale of hours to establish a time course for the activation of myogenic mechanisms. Muscle biopsy samples were collected from nine subjects before and after acute bouts of RE. The response to a single bout was assessed at 12 and 24 h postexercise. Further samples were obtained 24 and 72 h after a second exercise bout. RE was induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation to generate maximal isometric contractions in the muscle of interest. A single RE bout resulted in increased levels of mRNA for IGF binding protein-4 (84%), MyoD (83%), myogenin (~3-fold), cyclin D1 (50%), and p21-Waf1 (16-fold), and a transient decrease in IGF-I mRNA (46%). A temporally conserved, significant correlation between myogenin and p21 mRNA was observed (r = 0.70, P ≤ 0.02). The mRNAs for mechano-growth factor, IGF binding protein-5, and the IGF-I receptor were unchanged by RE. Total skeletal muscle RNA was increased 72 h after the second serial bout of RE. These results indicate that molecular adaptations of skeletal muscle to loading respond in a very short time. This approach should provide insights on the mechanisms that modulate adaptation to RE and may be useful in evaluating RE training protocol variables with high temporal resolution.

neuromuscular electrical stimulation; myogenin; p21; MyoD


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: G. R. Adams, Dept. of Physiology & Biophysics, Univ. of California, Irvine, Medical Sciences 1, Rm. D335, Irvine, CA 92697-4560 (E-mail: GRAdams{at}uci.edu)




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