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1Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado; 2Laboratorio di Ingegneria del Sistema Neuromuscolare, Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy; and 3Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Submitted 18 August 2004 ; accepted in final form 14 September 2004
The purpose of the study was to quantify the influence of selected motor unit properties and patterns of activity on amplitude cancellation in the simulated surface electromyogram (EMG). The study involved computer simulations of a motor unit population with physiologically defined recruitment and rate coding characteristics that activated muscle fibers whose potentials were recorded on the skin over the muscle. Amplitude cancellation was quantified as the percent difference in signal amplitude when motor unit potentials were summed before and after rectification. The simulations involved varying the level of activation for the motor unit population, the recording configuration, the upper limit of motor unit recruitment, peak discharge rates, the amount of motor unit synchronization, muscle fiber length, the thickness of the subcutaneous tissue, and the motor unit properties that change with advancing age. The results confirmed a previous experimental report (Day SJ and Hulliger M, J Neurophysiol 86: 2144–2158, 2001) that amplitude cancellation in the surface EMG can reach 62% at maximal activation. A decrease in the range of amplitudes of the motor unit potentials, as can occur during fatiguing contractions, increased amplitude cancellation up to 
85%. Differences in the amount of amplitude cancellation were observed across all simulated conditions, and resulted in substantial changes in the absolute magnitude of the EMG signal. The most profound factors influencing amplitude cancellation were the number of active motor units and the duration of the action potentials. The effects of amplitude cancellation were minimal (<5%) when the EMG amplitude was normalized to maximal values, with the exception of variations in peak discharge rate and recruitment range, which resulted in differences up to 17% in the normalized EMG signal across conditions. These results indicate the amount of amplitude cancellation that can occur in various experimental conditions and its influence on absolute and relative measures of EMG amplitude.
computer simulations; peak discharge rate; fatigue; motor unit; normalization
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