Journal of Applied Physiology AJP: Cell Physiology
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J Appl Physiol 97: 661-668, 2004. First published April 23, 2004; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00096.2004
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Lipoxygenase-dependent superoxide release in skeletal muscle

Li Zuo,1 Fievos L. Christofi,2 Valerie P. Wright,1 Shengying Bao,1 and Thomas L. Clanton1

1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and 2Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210

Submitted 2 February 2004 ; accepted in final form 2 April 2004

Superoxide anion radical (O2{bullet}–) is released from skeletal muscle at rest and is particularly elevated during conditions of heat stress (42°C). Previous studies have shown that in isolated rat diaphragm O2{bullet}– release is not dependent on mitochondrial electron transport, reduced NADP oxidase activity, or the integrity of membrane anion channels. This study hypothesized that O2{bullet}– release, as measured by cytochrome c reduction, is linked to metabolism of arachidonic acid. Phospholipase A2 inhibition with manoalide significantly decreased O2{bullet}– release. In downstream pathways, neither the blockage of cyclooxygenase with indomethacin nor the inhibition of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase with SKF-525A decreased O2{bullet}– release. However, lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition with general LOX blockers 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and cinnamyl-3,4-dihydroxy-{alpha}-cyanocinnamate greatly attenuated the signal. Furthermore, the specific 5-LOX inhibitor diethylcarbamazine also significantly decreased O2{bullet}– release. Immunohistochemistry localized 5- and 12-LOX to the cytosol and sarcolemma of muscle cells. Confocal studies, using the O2{bullet}–-sensitive fluorescent indicator hydroethidine, demonstrated that LOX inhibition had no significant influence on intracellular O2{bullet}– formation. When compared with the cytochrome c results, this indicates that intra- and extracellular O2{bullet}– must arise from different sources. These data show for the first time that arachidonic acid metabolism through LOX activity, is a major source of extracellular O2{bullet}– release in skeletal muscle.

manoalide; hydroethidine; arachidonic acid; cytochrome c; heat stress


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: T. Clanton, The Ohio State Univ., Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 201 Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, 473 W 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 (E-mail: clanton.1{at}osu.edu).




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