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INVITED REVIEW
HIGHLIGHTED TOPICS
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Blood Flow
1Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; and 2Department of Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
At rest the myocardium extracts 
75% of the oxygen delivered by coronary blood flow. Thus there is little extraction reserve when myocardial oxygen consumption is augmented severalfold during exercise. There are local metabolic feedback and sympathetic feedforward control mechanisms that match coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption. Despite intensive research the local feedback control mechanism remains unknown. Physiological local metabolic control is not due to adenosine, ATP-dependent K+ channels, nitric oxide, prostaglandins, or inhibition of endothelin. Adenosine and ATP-dependent K+ channels are involved in pathophysiological ischemic or hypoxic coronary dilation and myocardial protection during ischemia. Sympathetic 
-adrenoceptor-mediated feedforward arteriolar vasodilation contributes 25% of the increase in coronary blood flow during exercise. Sympathetic 
-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction in medium and large coronary arteries during exercise helps maintain blood flow to the vulnerable subendocardium when cardiac contractility, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen consumption are high. In conclusion, several potential mediators of local metabolic control of the coronary circulation have been evaluated without success. More research is needed.
adenosine; ATP-dependent K+ channels; nitric oxide; norepinephrine; feedback control; feedforward control
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