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₂- and ₃-Adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women

¹Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15213; ⁴Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261; ²Department of Exercise Science and Physical Education, McDaniel College, Westminster 21157; ³Department of Kinesiology and ⁷Biometrics Program, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park 20742; ⁵Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and ⁶Geriatrics Research and Education Clinical Center, Baltimore Veterans Administration, Baltimore, Maryland 21201

Submitted 12 May 2003 ; accepted in final form 22 September 2003

We sought to determine whether common genetic variations at the ₂ (₂-AR, Gln27Glu) and ₃ (₃-AR, Trp64Arg) adrenergic receptor gene loci were associated with cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics during maximal and submaximal exercise. CV hemodynamics were assessed in 62 healthy postmenopausal women (20 sedentary, 22 physically active, and 20 endurance athletes) during treadmill exercise at 40, 60, 80, and 100% maximal O₂ uptake using acetylene rebreathing to quantify cardiac output. The ₂-AR genotype and habitual physical activity (PA) levels interacted to significantly associate with arteriovenous O₂ difference (a-vDO₂) during submaximal exercise (P = 0.05), with the highest submaximal exercise a-vDO₂ in sedentary women homozygous for the ₂-AR Gln allele and no genotype-dependent differences in submaximal exercise a-vDO₂ in physically active and athletic women. The ₂-AR genotype also was independently associated with a-vDO₂ during submaximal (P = 0.004) and 100% maximal O₂ uptake exercise (P = 0.006), with a 1.2-2 ml/100 ml greater a-vDO₂ in the Gln/Gln than in the Glu/Glu genotype women. The ₃-AR genotype, independently or interacting with habitual PA levels, was not significantly associated with any CV hemodynamic variables during submaximal or maximal exercise. Thus it appears that the ₂-AR genotype, both independently and interacting with habitual PA levels, is significantly associated with a-vDO₂ during exercise in postmenopausal women, whereas the ₃-AR genotype does not appear to be associated with any maximal or submaximal exercise CV hemodynamic responses in postmenopausal women.

cardiac output; blood pressure; stroke volume; heart rate; genetics

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