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J Appl Physiol 94: 2203-2211, 2003. First published January 31, 2003; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00691.2002
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Vol. 94, Issue 6, 2203-2211, June 2003

Measurement of mitochondrial DNA synthesis in vivo using a stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique

Michelle L. Collins1, Shannon Eng1, Rebeccah Hoh2, and Marc K. Hellerstein1,2

1 Graduate Group in Molecular and Biochemical Nutrition, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley 94720; and 2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94110

We describe here a new stable isotope-mass spectrometric technique for measuring mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) synthesis. Growing (2-4 mo old) and weight-stable (8-10 mo old) Sprague-Dawley rats were primed with 2H2O (deuterated water) to 2.0-2.5% body water enrichment, via intraperitoneal injection, and then given 4% 2H2O in drinking water for 3-11 wk. Mitochondria were isolated from cardiac and hindlimb muscle, and mtDNA was isolated and enzymatically hydrolyzed to deoxyribonucleosides. PCR confirmed the absence of nuclear DNA contamination. The isotopic enrichment of the deoxyribose moiety of deoxyadenosine was determined by GC-MS analysis, and percent new mtDNA was calculated by comparison to genomic DNA enrichments in a tissue with nearly complete turnover (bone marrow). Initial label incorporation into deoxyadenosine of mtDNA was linear, and turnover of mtDNA was observed in nongrowing adult female rats (1.1-1.3% new mtDNA per day in cardiac and skeletal muscle). Die-away curves of mtDNA after discontinuing 2H2O administration gave a similar turnover rate constant. Human subjects were also given 2H2O for up to 6 wk, and mitochondria from platelets were isolated. Incubation with DNase removed any contaminating genomic DNA; platelet mtDNA exhibited linear incorporation from 2H2O and reached plateau values identical to those in genomic DNA from fully turned over cells (circulating monocytes). In conclusion, replication of mtDNA can be directly measured in vivo in rodents and humans without the use of radioactivity. Use of this technique may allow improved understanding of the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease.

mitochondrial biogenesis; deoxyribonucleic acid; deuterated water; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry


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