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Departments of 1 Radiation Medicine, Radiobiology Program, and 2 Biochemistry and Microbiology, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354; 5 Department of Aerospace Engineering, BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0429; 6 Bioengineering Department, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634; 3 Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609; and 4 Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1789
This portion of the study quantified
the effects of a 12-day space shuttle mission (Space Transport
System-108/UF-1) on body and lymphoid organ masses, activation marker
expression, cytokine secretion, and erythrocyte and thrombocyte
characteristics in C57BL/6 mice. Animals in flight (Flt group)
had 10-12% lower body mass compared with ground controls housed
either in animal enclosure modules or under standard vivarium
conditions (P < 0.001) and the smallest thymus and
spleen masses. Percentages of CD25+ lymphocytes,
CD3+/CD25+ T cells, and
NK1.1+/CD25+ natural killer cells from Flt mice
were higher compared with both controls (P < 0.05). In
contrast, CD71 expression was depressed in the Flt and animal enclosure
module control mice compared with vivarium control animals
(P < 0.001). Secretion of interferon-
, IL-2, and
IL-4, but not tumor necrosis factor-
and IL-5, by splenocytes from
Flt mice was decreased relative to either one or both ground controls
(P < 0.05). Flt mice also had high red blood cell and thrombocyte counts compared with both sets of controls; low red blood
cell volume and distribution width, percentage of reticulocytes, and
platelet volume were also noted (P < 0.05) and were
consistent with dehydration. These data indicate that relatively short
exposure to the spaceflight environment can induce profound changes
that may become significant during long-term space missions.
microgravity; immune system; activation markers; interferon-; interleukin-2; interleukin-4; red blood cells; thrombocytes
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