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1 Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Presbyterian Hospital of Dallas and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75231; and 2 Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
The objective of this study was to
test the hypothesis that high-intensity hypoxic training improves
sea-level performances more than equivalent training in normoxia.
Sixteen well-trained collegiate and Masters swimmers (10 women, 6 men)
completed a 5-wk training program, consisting of three high-intensity
training sessions in a flume and supplemental low- or
moderate-intensity sessions in a pool each week. Subjects were matched
for gender, performance level, and training history, and they were
assigned to either hypoxic [Hypo; inspired O2 fraction
(FIO2) = 15.3%, equivalent to a
simulated altitude of 2,500 m] or normoxic (Norm; FIO2 = 20.9%) interval training in a
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. All pool training
occurred under Norm conditions. The primary performance measures were
100- and 400-m freestyle time trials. Laboratory outcomes included
maximal O2 uptake (
O2 max),
anaerobic capacity (accumulated O2 deficit), and swimming
economy. Significant (P = 0.02 and <0.001 for 100- and
400-m trials, respectively) improvements were found in performance on
both the 100- [Norm: 
0.7 s (95% confidence limits: +0.2 to 1.7
s), 1.2%; Hypo: 0.8 s (95% confidence limits: 0.1 to 1.5 s),
1.1%] and 400-m freestyle [Norm: 3.6 s (1.8 to 5.5 s), 1.2%; Hypo: 5.3 s (2.3 to 8.3 s), 1.7%]. There was no
significant difference between groups for either distance (ANOVA
interaction, P = 0.91 and 0.36 for 100- and 400-m
trials, respectively). O2 max was
improved significantly (Norm: 0.16 ± 0.23 l/min, 6.4 ±8.1%; Hypo: 0.11 ± 0.18 l/min, 4.2 ± 7.0%). There was no
significant difference between groups (P = 0.58). We
conclude that 5 wk of high-intensity training in a flume improves
sea-level swimming performances and
O2 max in well-trained swimmers, with no additive effect of hypoxic training.
hypoxia; training; aerobic capacity; anaerobic capacity
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